574 EXPEDITION TO ARIZONA IN 1895 [ETH. ANN. 17 
abandoned part of the inhabitants went to the mesas of Tusayan and 
others migrated farther up the river to the Zuni villages. 
Two centers of distribution of cliff houses occur in our Southwest: 
those of the upper tributaries of the Colorado in the north and the cliff 
houses of the affluents of the Salt and the Gila in the south. The 
watershed of the Rio Grande is, so far as is known, destitute of this 
kind of aboriginal dwellings. Between the two centers of distribution 
lie the pueblos of the Little Colorado and its tributaries, the home of 
the ancestors of the Hopi and the Zuni. The many resemblances 
between the cliff houses of the north and those of the south indicate 
that the stage of culture of both was uniform, and probably the same 
conditions of environment led both peoples to build similar dwellings. 
All those likenesses which can be found between the modern Zuni and 
the Hopi to the former cliff peoples of the San Juan region in the 
north, apply equally to those of the upper Salado and the Gila and 
their tributaries to the south; and so far as arguments of a northern 
origin of either, built on architectural or technological resemblances, 
are concerned, they are not conclusive, since they are also applicable to 
the cliff peoples of the south. The one important difference between the 
northern and the southern tier of cliff houses is the occurrence of the cir- 
cular kiva, which has never been reported south of the divide between 
the Little Colorado and the Gila-Salado drainage. If a kiva was a 
feature in southern cliff houses, which I doubt, it appears to have been 
a rectangular chamber similar to a dwelling room. The circular kiva 
exists in neither the modern Hopi nor the Zuni pueblos, and it has not 
been found in adjacent Tusayan ruins; therefore, if these habitations 
were profoundly influenced by settlers from the north, it is strange 
that such a radical change in the form of this room resulted. The 
arguments advanced that one of the two component stocks of the Zuni, 
and that the aboriginal, came from the cliff peoples of the San Juan, 
are not conclusive, although I have no doubt that the Zuni may have 
received increment from that direction. 
Cushing has, I believe, furnished good evidence that some of the 
ancestors of the Zuni population came from the south and southwest; 
and that some of these came from pueblos now in ruins on the Little 
Colorado is indicated by the great similarity in the antiquities of 
ancient Zuni and the Colorado Chiquito ruins. Part of the Patki peo- 
ple of the Hopi went to Zuni and part to Tusayan, from the same 
abandoned pueblo, and the descendants of this family in Walpi still 
recognize this ancient kinship; but I do not know, and so far as can 
be seen there is no way of determining, the relative antiquity of the 
pueblos in Zuni valley and those on the lower Colorado. 
The approximate date of the immigration of the Patki people to 
Tusayan is as yet a matter of conjecture. It may have been in prehis- 
toric times, or more likely at a comparatively late period in the history 
of the people. It seems well substantiated, however, that when this 
/ 
