FEWKES] EVOLUTION OF THE KIVA 575 
Water-house people joined the other Hopi, the latter inhabited pueblos 
and were to all intents a pueblo people. If this hypothesis be a correet 
one, the Snake, Horn, and Bear peoples, whom the southern colonists 
found in Tusayan, had a culture of their own similar to that of the peo- 
ple from the south. Whence that culture came must be determined by 
studies of the component clans of the Hopi before the arrival of the 
Patki people.! 
The origin of the round shape of the estufa, according to Norden- 
skiéld (p. 168), is most easily explained on the hypothesis that it is a 
reminiscence of the cliff-dwellers’ nomadic period. ‘There must be 
some very cogent reason for the employment of this shape,” he says, 
“for the construction of a cylindrical chamber within a block of 
rectangular rooms involves no small amount of labor. We know how 
obstinately primitive nations cling to everything connected with their 
religious ideas. Then what is more natural than the retention, for the 
room where religious ceremonies were performed, of the round shape 
characteristic of the original dwelling place, the nomadic hut? This 
assumption is further corroborated by the situation of the hearth and 
the structure of the roof of the estufa, when we find points of analogy 
to the method employed by certain nomadic Indians in the erection of 
their huts.” This theory of the origin of the round form of dwelling 
and its retention in the architecture of the kiva, advanced by Norden- 
ski6ld in 1893, has much in its favor, but the rectangular form, which, 
so far as known, is the only shape of these sacred rooms in the Tusayan 
region, is still unexplained. From Castaneda’s narrative of the Coro- 
nado expedition it appears that in the middle of the sixteenth century 
the eastern pueblos had both square and round estufas or kivas, and 
that these kivas belonged to the men while the rooms of the puebio were 
in the possession of the women. The apparent reason why we find no 
round rooms or kivas in the southern cliff houses and in Tusayan may 
be due to several causes. Local conditions, including the character of 
the building sites on the Hopi mesa, made Square rooms more practical, 
or the nomadic stage was so far removed that the form of the inclosure 
in which the ancients held their rites had not been preserved. More- 
over, some of the most ancient and seeret observances at Walpi, as the 
Flute ceremony, are not performed in special kivas, but take place in 
ordinary living rooms. 
As in all the other ruins of Verde valley, circular kivas are absent in 
the Red-rock country, and this fact, which has attracted the attention 
of several observers, is, I believe, very significant. Although as yet 
our knowledge of the cliff houses of the upper Gila and Salado and 
their numerous tributaries is yery fragmentary, and generalization on 
Possibly the Shoshonean elements in Hopi linguistics are due to the Snake peoples, the early colo- 
nists who came from the north, where they may have been in contact with Paiute or other divisions 
of the Shoshonean stock. ‘The consanguinity of this phratry may have been close to that of the Sho- 
shonean tribes, as that of the Patki was to the Piman, or the Asa to the Tanoan. The present Hopi 
are a composite people, and it is yet to be demonstrated which stock predominates in them. 
