578 EXPEDITION TO ARIZONA IN 1895 [ETH. ANN. 17 
places in Hopi migrations, and were abandoned as the clans drifted 
together in friendship or destroyed as a result of internecine conflicts. 
There is documentary evidence that in the years following the great 
rebellion of the Pueblo tribes in 1680, which were characterized by 
catastrophes of all kinds among the Rio Grande villagers, many 
Tanoan people fled to Tusayan to escape from their troubles. Accord- 
ing to Niel, 4,000 Tanoan refugees, under Frasquillo, loaded with booty 
which they had looted from the churches, went to Oraibi by way of 
Zuni, and there established a “kingdom,” with their chief as ruler. 
How much reliance may be placed on this account is not clear to me, 
but there is no doubt that many Tanoan people joined the Hopi about 
this time, and among them were the Asa people, the ancestors of the 
present inhabitants of Hano pueblo, and probably the accolents of 
Payiipki. The ease with which two Franciscan fathers, in 1742, per- 
suaded 441 of these to return to the Rio Grande, implies that they were 
not very hostile to Christianity, and it is possible that one reason they 
sought Tusayan in the years after the Spaniards were expelled may 
have been their friendship for the chureh party. 
With the exception of Oraibi, not one of the present inhabited 
pueblos of Tusayan occupies the site on which it stood in the sixteenth 
century, and the majority of them do not antedate the beginning of 
the eighteenth century. The villages have shifted their positions but 
retained their names. 
At the time of the advent of Tobar, in 1540, there was but one of the 
present three villages of East Mesa. This was Walpi, and at the period 
referred to it was situated on the terrace below the site of the present 
town, near the northwestern base of the mesa proper. Two well-defined 
ruins, called Kisakobi and Kiichaptiivela, are now pointed out as the 
sites of Old Walpi. Of these Kiichaptiivela is regarded as the older. 
Judging by their ruins these towns were of considerable size. From 
their exposed situation they were open to the inroads of predatory 
tribes, and from these hostile raids their abandonment became neces- 
sary. From Kiichaptiivela the ancient Walpians moved to a point higher 
on the mesa, nearer its western limit, and built Kisakobi, where the 
pueblo stood in the seventeenth century. There is evidence that a Span- 
ish mission was erected at this point, and the place is sometimes called 
Niishaki, a corruption of “ Missa-ki,” Mass-house. From this place the 
original nucleus of Walpians moved to the present site about the close 
of the seventeenth century. Later the original population was joined 
by other phratries, some of which, as the Asa, had lived in the cliff- 
houses of Tségi, or Canyon de Chelly, as late as the beginning of 
the eighteenth century. This, however,is not the place to trace the 
composition of the different modern villages. 
Sichomovi was a colony from Wailpi, founded about 1750, and Hano 
was built not earlier than 1700, The former was settled by the Badger 
people, later joined by a group of Tanoan clans called the Asa, from 
