580 EXPEDITION TO ARIZONA IN 1895 (ETH. ANN. 17 
Oraybe 
Dos y media leguas al Poniente de esta mesa, esta la tercera, y en sucima el septimo 
pueblo que llaman Oraybe. Es como la capital de la provincia, el mayor y mas bien 
formado de toda ella, y acaso de todas las proyincias internas. Tiene once quarteles 
6 manzanas bien largas y dispuestos con calles 4 cordel ya (113 r.) todos vientos, y 
puede Ilegar su poblacion 4 800 familias. Tienen buena caballada, mucho ganado 
menor y algun vacuno. Aunque no gozan sino una pequena fuente de buena agua, 
distante del pueblo mas de una milla al Norte, han construido para suplir esta escasez, 
en la misma mesa, y muiinmediato A las casas seis cisternas grandes donde recoger la 
agua de las lluvias y nieves. 
The distribution of the population of Tusayan in the seven pueblos 
mentioned above remained practically the same during the century 
between 1782 and 1882. Summer settlements for farming purposes 
were inhabited by the Oraibi for brief periods. Between the years 1880 
and 1890 a beginning of a new distribution of Hopi families began, 
when one or two of the less timid erected houses near Coyote spring, 
at the East Mesa. The Tewa, represented by Polaka and Jakwaina, 
took the Jead in this movement. From 1890 to the present time a large 
number of Walpi, Sichomovi, and Hano families have built houses in 
the foothills of the East Mesa and in the plain beyond the ‘‘wash.” A 
large schoolhouse has been erected at Sun spring and a considerable 
number of East Mesa villagers have abandoned their mesa dwellings. 
In this shifting of the population the isolated house is always adopted 
and the aboriginal method of roof building is abandoned. The indica- 
tions are that in a few years the population of the East Mesa will be 
settled in unconnected farmhouses with little resemblance to the ancient 
communal pueblo, 
This movement is shared to a less extent by the Middle Mesa and 
Oraibi people. On my first visit to the pueblos of these mesas, in 1890, 
there was not a single permanent dwelling save in the ancient pueblos; ° 
but now numerous small farmhouses have been erected at or near the 
springs in the foothills. I mention these facts as a matter of record of 
progress in the life of these people in adapting themselves to the new 
conditions or influences by which they are surrounded. I believe that if 
this exodus of Hopi families from the old pueblo to the plain continues 
during the next two decades as it has in the last ten years, there are 
children now living in Walpi who will some day see it uninhabited. 
This disintegration of the Hopi phratries, by which families are sep- 
arated from one another, is, I believe, a return to the prehistoric distri- 
bution of the clans, and as Walpi grew into a pueblo by a union of 
kindred people, so now it is again being divided and distributed, still 
preserving family ties in new clusters or groupings. It is thus not 
impossible that the sites of certain old ruins, as Sikyatki, deserted for 
many years, will again be built upon if better suited for new modes of 
life. The settlement near Coyote spring, for instance, is not far from 
the old site of a former home of the Tanoan families, who went to 
Tusayan in the beginning of the eighteenth century, and the people 
