FEWKES] TUSAYAN RUINS CLASSIFIED 581 
who inhabit these new houses are all Tanoan descendants of the 
original contingent. 
In order to become familiar with the general character of Tusayan 
ruins, I made a brief reconnoissance of those mentioned in the follow- 
ing list, from which I selected Awatobi and Sikyatki as places for a 
more exhaustive exploration, This list is followed by a brief mention 
of those which I believe would offer fair opportunities for a continua- 
tion of the work inaugurated. The ruins near Oraibi were not exam- 
ined and are therefore omitted, not that they are regarded as less 
important, but because I was unable to undertake a study of them in 
the limited time at my disposal. There are also many ruins in Tusa- 
yan, north of the inhabited pueblos, which have never been described, 
and would well repay extended investigation. Some of these, as the 
ruins at the sacred spring called Kishuba, are of the utmost traditional 
importance. 
I. Middle Mesa ruins—(1) Old Shunopovi; (2) Old Mishoninoyi; 
(5) Shitaumt; (4) Chukubi; (5) Payiipki. 
Il. Bast Mesa rwins—(1) Kisakobi; (2) Kiichaptiivela; (3) Kiikii- 
chomo; (4) Tukinobi; (5) Kachinba; (6) Sikyatixi. 
Ill. Ruins in Keam’s canyon. 
IV. Jeditoh valley ruins—(1) Bat-house; (2) Jeditoh, Kawaika; (3) 
Horn-house; (4) Awatobi; Smaller Awatobi. 
This method of classification is purely geographical, and is adopted 
simply for convenience; but there are one or two facts worthy of 
mention in regard to the distribution of ruins in these four sections. 
The inhabited pueblos, like the ruins, are, as a rule, situated on the 
eastern side of their respective mesas, or on the cliffs or hills which 
border the adjacent plains on the west. This uniformity is thought to 
have resulted from a desire to occupy a sunny site for warmth and 
for other reasons. 
The pueblos at or nearest the southern ends of the mesas were found 
to be best suited for habitation, consequently the present towns occupy 
those sites, or, as in the case of the Jeditoh series, the pueblo at that 
point was the last abandoned. The reason for this is thought to be an 
attempt to concentrate on the most inaccessible sites available, which 
implies inroads of hostile peoples. For the same reason, likewise, the 
tendency was to move from the foothills to the mesa tops when these 
invasions began. 
Karly settlers near East Mesa appeared to have chosen exposed sites 
for their pueblos. This would imply that they feared no invasion, and 
legendary history indicates that the first pueblos were erected before 
the hostile Ute, Apache, and Navaho appeared. The early settlements 
on Middle Mesa were also apparently not made with an absorbing idea 
of inaccessibility. All the Jeditoh villages, however, were on the 
mesa tops, these sites having been selected evidently with a view to 
protection, since they were not convenient to the farms. 
