582 EXPEDITION TO ARIZONA IN 1895 [ETH ANN. 17 
For many reasons it would seem that the people who occupied the 
now ruined Jeditoh villages were later arrivals in Tusayan than those 
of East and Middle Mesas, and that, as a rule, they came from the east- 
ward, while those of Middle Mesa arrived from the south. The first 
colonists of all, however, appear to have been the East Mesa clans, the 
Bear and Snake families. If this conjecture be true, we may believe 
that the oldest pueblos in Tusayan were probably the house groups of 
the Snake clan of East Mesa, for whom their traditionists claim a 
northern origin. 
THE MiIppDLE MESA RUINS 
SHUNOPOVI 
The site of Old Shunopovi (plate cv) at the advent of the first 
Spaniards, and for a century or more afterward, was at the foot of the 
mesa on which the present village stands. The site of the old pueblo 
is easily detected by the foundations of the ancient houses and their 
overturned walls, surrounded by mounds of soil filled with fragments 
of the finest pottery. 
The old village was situated on a ridge of foothills east of the pres- 
ent town and near the spring, which is still used. On the highest point 
of the ridge there rise to a considerable height the massive walls of the 
old Spanish mission church, forming an inclosure, now used as a sheep 
corral. The cemeteries are near by, close to the outer walls, and among 
a clump of peach trees about half a mile east of the old houses. The 
pottery,' as shown by the fragments, is of the finest old Tusayan ware, 
cream and red being the predominating colors, while fragments of coiled 
and black-and-white ware are likewise common. 
MISHONINOVI 
The ruins of Old Mishoninovi lie west of the present pueblo in the 
foothills, not far from the two rocky pinnacles at that point and adja- 
cent toaspring. In strolling over the site of the old town I have noted 
its ground plan, and have picked up many sherds which indicate that 
the pottery made at that place was the fine cream-color ware for which 
Tusayan has always been famous. The site offers unusual opportunities 
for archeological studies, but excavation there is not practicable on 
account of the opposition of the chiefs. 
Old Mishoninovi was a pueblo of considerable size, and was probably 
inhabited up to the close of the seventeenth century. It was probably 
on this site that the early Spanish explorers found the largest pueblo 
of the Middle Mesa. The ruin of Shitaimovi, in the foothills near 
Mishoninovi, mentioned by Mindeleff, was not visited by our party. 
1In 1896 I collected over a hundred beautiful specimens from this cemetery. 
. 
