FEWKES] MIDDLE MESA RUINS 583 
CHUKUBI 
The ruin of Chukubi bears every evidence of antiquity. It is situ- 
ated on one of the eastward projecting spurs of Middle Mesa, midway 
between Payiipki and Shipaulovi, near an excellent spring at the base 
of the mesa. 
Chukubi was built in rectangular form, with a central plaza sur- 
rounded by rooms, two deep. There are many indications of outlying 
chambers, some of which are arranged in rows. The house walls are 
almost wholly demolished, and in far poorer state of preservation than 
those of the neighboring ruin of Payiipki. The evidence now obtain- 
able indicates that it was an ancient habitation of a limited period of 
occupancy. Itis said to have been settled by the Patun or Squash 
people, whose original home was far to the south, on Little Colorado 
river. A fair ground plan is given by Mindeleff in his memoir on 
Pueblo Architecture; but so far as known no studies of the pottery of 
this pueblo have ever been made. 
PAYUPKI 
One of the best-preserved ruins on Middle Mesa is called Payiipki 
by the Hopi, and is interesting in connection with the traditions of 
the migration of peoples from the Rio Grande, which followed the 
troublesome years at the close of the seventeenth century. In the 
reconquest of New Mexico by the Spaniards we can hardly say that 
Tusayan was conquered; the province was visited and nominally sub- 
jugated after the great rebellion, but with the exception of repeated 
expeditions, which were often repulsed, the Hopi were practically inde- 
pendent and were so regarded. No adequate punishment was inflicted 
on the inhabitants of Walpi for the destruction of the town of Awatobi, 
and although there were a few military expeditions to Tusayan no effort 
at subjugation was seriously made. 
Tusayan was regarded as an asylum for the discontented or apos- 
tate, and about the close of the seventeenth century many people from 
the Rio Grande fled there for refuge. Some of these refugees appear 
to have founded pueblos of their own; others were amalgamated with 
existing villages. Payiipki seems to have been founded about this 
period, for we find no account of it before this time, and it is not men- 
tioned in connection with ancient migrations. In 1706 Holguin is said 
to have attacked the “Tanos” village between Walpi and Oraibi and 
forced the inhabitants to give hostages, but he was later set upon by 
the Tano and driven back to Zuni. It would hardly seem possible that 
the pueblo mentioned could have been Hano, for this village does not 
lie between Oraibi and Walpi and could not have been surrounded in 
the way indicated in the account. Payiipki, however, not only lay on 
the trail between Walpi and Oraibi—about midway, as the chronicler 
