596 EXPEDITION TO ARIZONA IN 1895 (EPH. ANN. 17 
villages to Cibola, but he distinctly states that the inhabitants culti- 
vated cotton. 
Castaneda’s account, which is the most detailed, is that on which I 
have relied in my identification of Awatobi as the first Hopi pueblo 
seen by the Spaniards. 
It seems that Don Pedro de Tobar was dispatched by Coronado to 
explore a province called Tusayan which was reported to be twenty- 
five leagues from Cibola. He had in his command seventeen horsemen 
and one or two foot-soldiers, and was accompanied by Friar Juan 
de Padilla. They arrived in the new province after dark and concealed 
themselves under the edge of the mesa, so near that they heard the 
voices of the Indians in their houses. The natives, however, discov- 
ered them at daylight drawn up in order, and came out to meet them 
armed with wooden clubs, bow and arrows, and carrying shields. The 
chief drew a line of sacred meal across the trail, and in that way sym- 
bolized that the entrance to their pueblo was closed to the intruders. 
During a parley, however, one of the men made a move to cross the line 
of meal, and an Indian struck his horse on the bridle. This opened hos- 
tilities, in which the Hopi were worsted, but apparently without loss of 
life. The vanquished brought presents of various kinds—cotton cloth, 
cornmeal, birds, skins, pinon nuts, and a few turquoises—and finding a 
good camping place near their pueblo, Tobar established headquarters 
and received homage trom all the province. They allowed the Spaniards 
to enter their villages and traded with them.! 
Espejo’s reference to Awatobi in 1583 leaves no doubt that the pueblo 
was in existence in that year, and while, of course, we can not definitely 
say that it was not built between 1540 and 1583, the indications are 
that it was not. Hopi traditions assert that it was in existence when 
the Spaniards came, and the statement of the legendists whom I have 
consulted are definite that the survivors of Sikyatki went to Awatobi 
atter the overthrow of the former pueblo. It would not appear, how- 
ever, that Awatobi was founded prior to Sikyatki, nor is it stated that 
the refugees from Sikyatki built Awatobi, which is within the bounds 
of possibility, but it seems to be quite generally conceded that the 
Sikyatki tragedy antedated the arrival of the first Spaniards. 
There can, | think, be no doubt that the Hopi pueblo first entered 
by Pedro de Tobar, in 1540, was Awatobi, and that the first conflict of 
Spanish soldiers and Hopi warriors, which occurred at that time, took 
place on the well-known Zuni trail in Antelope valley, not far from 
Jeditoh or Antelope spring. This pueblo is the nearest village to 
Cibola (Zuni), from which Tobar came, and as he took the Zuni trail he 
would naturally tirst approach this village, even if the other pueblos on 
the rim of this valley were inhabited. It is interesting to consider a few 
lines from Castaneda, describing the event of that episode, to see how 
' An exact translation by Winship of the copy of Castateda in the Lenox Library was published in 
the Fourteenth Annnal Report of the Bureau. 
