598 EXPEDITION TO ARIZONA IN 1895 . [ETH. ANN. 17 
priests say that in former times whoever crossed a line of meal drawn 
on the trail at that festival was killed, and even now they insist that no 
one is allowed to pass a closed trail. The Awatobi warriors probably 
warned Tobar and his comrades not to advance, but the symbolic barrier 
was not understood by them. The Spaniards were not there to parley 
long, and it is probable that their purpose was to engage in a quarrel 
with the Indians. Urged on by the priest, Juan de Padilla, “who had 
been a soldier in his youth,” they charged the Indians and overthrew a 
number, driving the others before them. The immediate provocation 
for this, according to the historian, was that an Indian struck one of 
the horses on the bridle, at which the holy father, losing patience, 
exclaimed to his captain, ‘Why are we here?” which was interpreted as 
a sign for the assault. 
It must, however, be confessed that if the pueblo of Walpi was the 
first discovered an approach by stealth without being seen would 
have been easier for Tobar if the village referred to was Walpi then 
situated on the Ash-hill terrace, with the East Mesa between it and 
the Zuni trail. To offset this probability, however, is the fact that the 
Zuni trail now runs through Awatobi, or in full view of it and there is 
hardly a possibility that Tobar left that trail to avoid Awatobi. He 
would naturally visit the first village, and not go out of his way seven 
miles beyond it, seeking a more distant pueblo. 
The effect of this onslaught on men armed with spears, clubs, and 
leather shields can be imagined, and the encounter seems to have dis- 
couraged the Awatobi warriors from renewed resistance. ‘They fled, 
but shortly afterward brought presents as a sign of submission, when 
Tobar called off his men. Thus was the entry of the Spaniards into 
Tusayan marked with bloodshed for a trifling offense. Shortly after- 
ward Tobar entered the village and received the complete submission 
of the people. 
The names of the Tusayan pueblos visited by Tobar in this first 
entrance are nowhere mentioned in the several accounts which have 
come down to us. Forty years later, however, the Spaniards returned 
and found the friendly feeling of Awatobi to the visitors had not lapsed. 
When Espejo approached the town in 1583, over the same Zuni trail, 
the multitudes with their caciques met him with great joy and poured 
maize (sacred meal?) on the ground for the horses to walk upon. This 
was symbolic of welcome; they ‘‘made” the trail, a ceremony which is 
challenged and sing their songs the trail is opened, viz: ‘* Alosaka drew the end of his monkohu along 
the line of meal, and Winuta rubbed off the remainder from the trail with his foot.’ ‘*Walpi Flute 
Observance,” Journal of American Folk-lore, vol. Vil, p. 19. 
1 This custom of sprinkling the trail with sacred meal is one of the most common in the Tusayan 
ritual. The gods approach and leave the pueblos along such lines, and no doubt the Awatobians 
regarded the horses of Espejo as supernatural beings and threw meal on the trail before them with 
the same thought in mind that they now sprinkle the trails with meal in all the great ceremonials 
in which personators of the gods approach the villages. 
