600 EXPEDITION TO ARIZONA IN 1895 [ETH. ANN. 17 
up to the great rebellion in 1680. Figueroa, who was massacred at 
Awatobi in that year, went to Tusayan in 1674 with Aug. Sta. Marie. 
Between the death of Porras and the arrival of Figueroa there was an 
interval of eleven years, during which time the two comrades of Porras 
or Espeleta, who went to Tusayan in 1650, took charge of the spiritual 
welfare of the Hopi. Espeletaand Aug. Sta. Marie were killed in 1680 at 
San Francisco de Oraibi and Walpi, respectively, and José Trujillo prob- 
ably lost his life at Old Shunopovi at the same time. As there is no good 
reason to suppose that Awatobi, one of the most populous Tusayan 
pueblos, was neglected by the Spanish missionaries after the death of 
Porras in 1633, and as it was the first pueblo encountered on the trail from 
Zuni, doubtless San Bernardino was one of the earliest missions erected 
in Tusayan. From 1680 until 1692, the period of independence result- 
ing from the great Pueblo revolt, there was no priest in Tusayan, nor, 
indeed, in all New Mexico. Possibly the mission was repaired between 
1692 and 1700, but it is probable that it was built as early as the time 
Porras lived in Awatobi. It is explicitly stated that in the destruction 
of Awatobi in 1700 no missionaries were killed, although it is recorded 
that early in that year Padre Garaycoechea made it a visit. 
The disputes between the Jesuits and Franciscans to obtain the 
Hopi field for missionary work during the eighteenth century naturally 
falls in another chapter of Spanish-Tusayan history. Aside from spo- 
radie visits to the pueblos, nothing tangible appears to have resulted 
from the attempts at conversion in this epoch. True, many apostates 
were induced to return to their old homes on the Rio Grande and some 
of the Hopi frequently asked for resident priests, making plausible 
offers to protect them; but the people as a whole were hostile, and 
the mission churches were never rebuilt, nor did the fathers again live 
in this isolated province. ; 
In 1692 Awatobi was visited by Don Diego de Vargas, the recon- 
querer of New Mexico, who appears to have had no difficulty bringing 
to terms the pueblos of Awatobi, Walpi, Mishoninovi, and Shunop- 
ovi.! He found, however, that Awatobi was ‘fortified,’ and the 
entrance so narrow that but one man could enter at a time. The 
description leads us to conclude that the fortification was the wall at 
the eastern end, and the entrance the gateway, the sides of which are 
still to be seen. The plaza in which the cross was erected was prob- 
ably just north of the walls of the mission. 
There would seem to be no doubt that a mission building was stand- 
ing at Awatobi before 1680, for Vetancurt, writing about the year 
named, states that in the uprising it was burned.’ At the time of the 
1As Vargas appears not to have entered Oraibi at this time he may have found it too hostile. 
Whether Frasquillo had yet arrived with his Tanos people and their booty is doubtful. The story of 
the migration to Tusayan of the Tanos under Frasquillo, the assassin of Fray Sim6én de Jesus, and 
the establishment there of a ‘‘ kingdom’ over which he ruled as king for thirty years, is a most inter- 
esting episode in Tusayan history. Many Tanos people arrived in several bands among the Hopi 
about 1700, but which of them were led by Frasquillo is not known to me. 
2“ Fl templo acabo en llamas.” At this time Awatobi was said to have 800 inhabitants. 
