602 EXPEDITION TO ARIZONA IN 1895 [ETH. ANN. 17 
villagers of the Antelope mesa were overthrown. Documentary and 
legendary accounts are thus in strict accord regarding the cause of the 
destruction. 
The meager fragmentary historical evidence that can beadduced shows 
that the destruction of Awatobi occurred in the autumn or early winter 
of 1700. In May of that year we have the account of the visiting padre, 
and in the summer when Hspeleta was at Santa Fé, the pueblo was 
flourishing. The month of November would have been afavorable one 
for the destruction of the town for the reason that during this time the 
warriors would all be engaged in secret kiva rites. The legend relates 
that the overthrow of the pueblo was at the Naacnaiya,' which now 
takes place in November. 
For many years after its destruction the name of Awatobi was still 
retained on maps including the Tusayan province, and there exist sey- 
eral published references to the place as if still inhabited; but these 
appear to be compilations, as no traveler visited the site subsequently 
to 1700. It is never referred to in writings of the eighteenth or first 
half of the nineteenth centuries, and its site attracted no attention. 
The ruins remained unidentified until about 1854, when the late Captain 
J. G. Bourke published his book on the “Snake Dance of the Moquis,” 
in which he showed that the ruin called by the Navaho Tally-hogan was 
the old Awatobi which played such a prominent part in early Tusayan 
history. 
The ruin was described and figured a few years later by Mr Victor 
Mindeleff in his valuable memoir on Cibola and Tusayan architecture. 
Bourke’s reference is very brief and Mindeleff’s plan deficient, as it 
includes only a portion of the ruin, namely, the conspicuous mission 
walls and adjacent buildings, overlooking entirely the older or western 
mounds, which are the most characteristic. In 1892 I published the 
first complete ground-plan of the ruins of Awatobi, meluding both 
eastern and western sections. As Mindeleff’s plan is defective, his 
characterization of the architectural features of the pueblo is conse- 
quently faulty. He says: “The plan suggests that the original pueblo 
was built about three sides of a rectangular court, the fourth or south- 
east side, later occupied by the mission buildings, being lett open or 
protected by a low wall.” While the eastern portion undoubtedly sup- 
ports this conclusion, had he examined the western or main section he 
would doubtless have qualitied his conclusion (plate Cvit). This por- 
tion was compact, without a rectangular court, and was of pyramidal 
form. ‘The eastern section was probably of later construction, and the 
mission was originally built outside the main pueblo, although probably 
a row of rooms of very ancient date extended along the northern side 
opposite the church. As it was customary in Tusayan to isolate the 
kivas, these rooms in Awatobi were probably extramural and may have 
1 Naaenaiya and Wiiwiitcimti are the elaborate and abbreviated New-fire ceremonies now observed 
by four religious warrior societies, known as the Tataukyamd, Wiiwiiteimti, Aalti and Kwakwanti. 
Both of these ceremonials, as now observed at Walpi, have elsewhere been described. 
