648 EXPEDITION TO ARIZONA IN 1895 (ETH. ANN. 17 
Hopi and his family. From the nature of the soil the excavation of 
this cemetery was very difficult, although the mortuary objects were 
more numerous. Repeated attempts to make the Indians work in a 
systematic manner failed, partly on account of the hard soil and partly 
from other reasons. Aithough the lower we went the more numerous 
and beautiful were the objects exhumed, the Indians soon tired of 
deep digging, preferring to confine their work to within two or three 
feet of the surface. At many places we found graves under and 
between the huge bowlders, which are numerous in this cemetery. 
The southern cemetery lies between the outer edge of the ruin on 
that side and the deciine to the plain, a few hundred fect from the 
southern row of houses. Two conspicuous bowlders mark the site of 
most of the excavations in that direction. The mortuary objects from 
this cemetery are not inferior in character or number to those from 
the other burial places All attempts to discover a cemetery on the 
eastern side of the pueblo failed, although a single food basin was 
brought to the camp by an Indian who claimed he had dug it out of the 
deep sand on the eastern side of the ruins. Another bowl was found 
in the sand drift near the trail over the mesa to Kanelba, but careful 
investigation failed to reveal any systematic deposit of mortuary vessels 
east of the ruin.! 
The method of excavation pursued in the cemeteries was not so 
scientific as I had wished, but it was the only practicable one to be 
followed with native workmen. Having found the location of the 
graves by means of small prospecting holes sunk at random, the work- 
men were aligned and directed to excavate a single long, deep trench, 
removing all the earth as they advanced. It was with great difficulty 
that the Indians were taught the importance of excavating to a suffi- 
cient depth, and even to the end of the work they refused to be taught 
not to burrow. In their enthusiasm to get the buried treasures they 
worked very well so long as objects were found, but became at once 
discouraged when relics were not so readily forthcoming and went off 
prospecting in other places when our backs were turned. A shout that 
anyone had discovered -a new grave in the trench was a signal for the 
others to stop work, gather around the place, light cigarettes, and 
watch meor my collaborators dig out the specimens with knives. This 
we always insisted on doing, for the reason that in their haste the 
Indians at firstoften broke fragile pottery after they had discovered it, 
aud in spite of all precautions several fine jars and bowls were thus 
badly damaged by them. It is therefore not too much to say that most 
of the vessels which are now entire were dug out of the impacted sand 
by Mr Hodge or myself. 
seldom carried far from the village, a sandy locality was generally chosen an a grave excavated a 
few feet deep. Usually « few stones were placed on the surface of the ground over the burial place, 
evidently to protect the remains from prowling beasts. 
