688 EXPEDITION TO ARIZONA IN 1895 [ETH. ANN. 17 
similarly placed bodies in the pictograph last discussed that they are 
regarded as representations of wings. These extensions at the poste- 
rior end of the body are readily comparable with prolongations in that 
part on which we have already commented. The tail, although dif- 
ferent from that in figures of birds thus far discussed, has many points 
of resemblance to them. The two circles, one on each side of the bird 
figure, are important additions which are treated in following pages.' 
From the study of the conventionalized forms of birds which I have 
outlined above it is possible to venture the suggestion that the star- 
shape figure shown in plate CLXVII, b, may be referred to the same group, 
but in this specimen we appear to have duplication, or a representation 
of the bird symbol repeated in both semicircles of the interior of the 
bowl. Examining one of these we readily detect the two tail-feathers 
in the middle, with the triangular end of the body on each side. The 
lateral appendages duplicated on each side correspond with the band 
across the middle of the bowl in other specimens, and represent highly 
conventionalized wings. The middle of this compound figure is deco- 
rated with a cross, and in each quadrant there is a row of the same 
emblems, equidistant from one another. 
it would be but a short step from this figure to the ancient sun 
symbol with which the eagle and other raptorial birds are intimately 
associated. The fignre represented in plate CXXXIII, ¢, is a symbolic 
bird in whieh the different parts are directly comparable with the other 
bird pictographs already described. One may easily detect in it the 
two wings, the semicireular rain-cloud figures, and the three tail- 
feathers. As in the picture last considered, we see the two circles, each 
with a concentric smaller circle, one on each side of the mythic bird 
represented. Similar circular figures are likewise found in the zone 
surrounding the centrally placed bird picture. 
In the food bowl illustrated in plate CXLI, b, we find the two circles 
shown, and between them a rectangular pictograph the meaning of 
which is not clear. The only suggestion which I have in regard to the 
significance of this object is that it is an example of substitution—the 
substitution of a prayer offering to the mythic bird represented in 
the other bowls for a figure of the bird itself. This interpretation, 
however, is highly speculative, and should be accepted only with limi- 
tations. I have sometimes thought that the prayer-stick or paho may 
originally have represented a bird, and the use of it is an instance of 
the substitution? of a symbolic effigy of a bird, a direct survival of 
the time when a bird was sacrificed to the deity addressed. 
At the present time the circle is the totemic signature of the Earth people, representing the hori, 
zon. but it has likewise various other meanings. With certain appendages it 1s the disk of the sun- 
and there are ceremonial paraphernalia, as apnulets, placed on sand pictures or tied to helmets, which 
may be represented by a simple ring. The meaning of these circles in the bowl referred to above is 
not clear to me, nor is my series of pictographs sufliciently extensive to enable a discovery of its sig- 
nificance by comparative methods. A ring of meal sometimes drawn on the floor of a kiva is called 
a “house,” and a little imagination would easily identify these with the mythic houses of the sky- 
bird, but this interpretation is at present only fanciful. 
2The paho is probably a substitution of a sacrifice of corn or meal given as homage to the god 
addressed. 
