702 EXPEDITION TO ARIZONA IN 1895 [ETH. ANN. 17 
others purely decorative (plate CLXv1). In the evolution of design I 
am inclined to believe that this was the simplest form, and I find it the 
most constant in the oldest ware. Rectangular figures are regarded as 
older than circular figures, and they possibly preceded the latter in 
evolution, but in many instances both are forms of reversion, highly 
conventionalized representations of more elaborate figures. Circles 
and crosses are sometimes combined, the former modified into a wavy 
line surrounding the latter, as in plate CLIX, c, d, where there is a sug- 
gestion (d) of a sun emblem. 
CROSSES 
A large number of food bowls are decorated with simple or elaborate 
crosses, stars, and like patterns. Simple crosses with arms of equal 
length appear on the vessels shown in plate CLIx, c, d. There are 
many similar crosses, subordinate to the main design, in various bowls, 
especially those decorated with figures of birds and sky deities. 
Plate CLXx, a, exhibits a cruciform design, to the extremities of three 
arms of which bird figures are attached. In this design there are like- 
wise two sunflower symbols. The modified cross figure in b of the 
same plate, like that just mentioned, suggests a swastica, but fails to 
be one, and unless the complicated design in figure ¢ may be so inter- 
preted, no swastica was found at Sikyatki or Awatobi. Plate cLx, d, 
shows another form of cross, two arms of which are modified into 
triangTes. 
On the opening of the great ceremony called Powami or “ Bean- 
planting,” which occurs in February in the modern Tusayan villages, 
there occurs a ceremony about a sand picture of the sun which is 
called Powalawt. The object of this rite is the fructification of all 
seeds known to the Hopi. The sand picture of the sun which is made 
at that time is in its essentials identical with the design on the food 
bow] illustrated in plate CLX1, c; consequently it is possible that this 
star emblem represents the sun, and the occurrence of the eight trian- 
gles in the rim, replaced in the modern altar by four concentric bands 
of differently colored sands, adds weight to this conclusion. The twin 
triangles outside the main figure are identical with those in the mouth 
of modern sun emblems. These same twin triangles are arranged in 
lines which cross at right angles in plate CLX1, d, but from their resem- 
blance to figure b they possibly have a different meaning. 
The most complicated of all the star-shape figures, like the simplest, 
takes us to sun emblems, and it seems probable that there is a rela- 
tionship between the two, Plate CLxI, f/, represents four bundles of 
feathers arranged in quadrants about a rectangular center. These 
feathers vary in form and arrangement, and the angles between them 
are occupied by horn-shape bodies, two of which have highly compli- 
eated extremities recalling conventionalized birds. 
A large number of crosses are respresented in plate CLXM, d, in which 
the remaining semicircle is filled with a tessellated pattern. A spiral 
