because of tbe circmn.scriljed field of investigation, liave 

 made "confusion worse confounded." 



These were divided into two threat schools, viz. : The 

 L» i; -idealistic and I'ealistic. The former reasoned away the 

 existence of the whole external world, including our 

 bodies, except what is known 1:)y inferential evidence ; 

 , o -IjVi , and the latter logically proved that mind had no 

 ' existence as far as known. Between tiiese contend- 



ing scholastics we were asked to believe that both the 

 ego and the iwn-c(jo had a mythical existence. The 

 i- ^ ,} second class are now called materialists by theolocjians 

 on the one hand, and l)y a certain school of j^hysical 

 investigators on the other. I do not say the term is a 

 misnomer, l^ut seeing it is so often lield up as a hideous 

 ogre to frighten the timid, and as those who really are 

 sucli deny " the soft impeacliment " in the sense of hold- 

 ing any views inimical to ethical philoso])hy, I have 

 used these phrases to indicate these classes of thinkers, 

 and which cover the wlioU^. o-round of mental and 

 physical research. The egoist declares that there is an 

 entity called mind, affected by, but not being matter, 

 although in intimate relation to it, and capable of excit- 

 ing it to action in will, emotion or desire. He appeals 

 to our consciousness for proof of our power at will to 

 produce 23hysical effects by exercising volition, and stir- 

 ring to intensity the affections, not as a secondary but 

 primary cause. He holds that these eiforts are initial, 

 and are not primarily sensational. The Ijasis upon 

 which he builds is surely worthy of more consideration 

 than a sneer. In such a simple physical act as that of 

 raising my arm consequent on a volition, I ask the 

 ohjectivist to tell me, i^' the primary impulse be a com- 

 mand of the nerve m 'ecules to do so; and if so, what 

 gave them the hint that this illustration was required 



