ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT XLI 
tribal control is, nevertheless, vested in male rulers, who may 
be either shamans of exceptional shrewdness, or warriors of 
exceptional valor and cunning. Accordingly the term ‘“ matri- 
archal” can be regarded as erroneous and misleading only when 
applied to this culture stage. This becomes especially clear in 
the light of the observations among the Papago Indians and 
the mixed-blood Mexicans, in which the rule is patriarchal, but 
in which there is an associated matriarchy, for the wife of the 
patriarch occupies a position among the women and children 
of the group corresponding to that of her spouse, primarily 
among the men, but secondarily among all; so that patriarchy 
and matriarchy are in reality complementary aspects of that 
culture stage in which descent is traced in the male line. Con- 
fusion is avoided by designating the more primitive organiza- 
tion as maternal and the more advanced as paternal, and by 
restricting the terms patriarchal and matriarchal to their legit- 
imate functions, as indicated by the usage of southwestern peo- 
ples. The details of the researches on this subject are too 
extended for summary statement; but the principles developed 
through the study are important as a means of interpreting 
observation and thus guiding special research and contributing 
to scientific knowledge of the aborigines. The work is still 
in progress. 
Work In PHILoLocy 
Linguistic studies were pushed forward energetically during 
the earlier years of the existence of the Bureau, partly as a 
means of classifying the Indians in such manner as to guide 
grouping on reservations. A considerable portion of the mate- 
rial collected was, after the immediate practical use, placed on 
file for comparison and study with a view to the discovery of 
the principles of linguistic development. During the fiscal 
year the Director has reviewed these records in conjunction 
with those pertaining to sociology and sophiology, and has 
made progress in developing the principles of philology and 
applying them to the ethnie problems presented by the Ameri- 
‘an aborigines. In ‘primitive society language grows in two 
ways: On the one hand there is a steady enrichment and difter- 
entiation due to the coining of expressions for new ideas; on 
