66 THE ESKIMO ABOUT BERING STRAIT [ETH ANN, 18 
and the wood is steamed and bent upon itself so that the thin edge 
rests against the strip just inside of the base of the handle. It is then 
held in position by means of two pairs of sticks clamped upon opposite 
sides and tied by a wrapping of cord or spruce rootlets. After the 
frame becomes dry the clamps are removed and a series of holes are 
punched through the overlapping wood. The bottom of the cylinder 
formed by the sides has a groove extending around it, in which is fitted 
a circular or an oval piece of wood, with the edges chamfered. When 
this bottom is in place the stitching of rootlets is passed through the 
series of holes in the overlapping ends, holding them permanently in 
position. 
Plate xx1x, figures 6 and 7, illustrate dippers ot this description 
from Norton sound and Sledge island, respectively. The latter is not 
colored; the former has on the outside of the handle a band extending 
around the upper and lower edges of the sides, and a strip around the 
sides of the bottom painted red. The red borders on the sides are 
outlined on their inner edges by narrow black lines in a slight groove. 
Figure 8 of the same plate represents a dipper of slightly different 
pattern from the lower Yukon. It is obovate in horizontal section, and 
near the beveled edge of the end of the strips of wood which form the 
sides of the dipper there is a slightly raised boss extending across it as 
a strengthener. Exactly opposite this is a similar thickening of the 
side, which strengthens it and renders the curves around the ends 
uniform, in the same manner that a thickening in the center of a bow 
braces it and governs the curves. After being steamed the wood is 
bent until two notches cut in the upper edge come together at the 
points where one end of the strip should overlap the other inside of 
the handle. The ends are then held in place by means of four short, 
stout sticks, which are bound in pairs on the outer and inner sides by 
means of tightly wrapped spruce roots, which form a strong clamp. 
In this manner the wood is held firmly in place until it dries, after 
which the clamps are removed and a double series of holes are pierced 
for sewing. A groove is cut on the inner side near the lower edge, 
into which the chamfered edges of the bottom are sprung. Spruce root- 
lets are then sewed along the holes pierced in the side, and the dipper 
is ready for use. 
Plate xx1x, 12, from Ikogmut (Mission), represents a round, bowl- 
shape dipper cut from a single piece of wood, with a flat handle project- 
ing on the inner side; its capacity is about a quart. 
Figure 10 of the same plate, from St Lawrence island, is a flat- 
bottom, bowl-shape dipper, a little smaller than the preceding, which 
has around handle projecting from one side with a quadrate opening 
cut through it. 
The dipper from Cape Nome shown in plate XXIx, 9, is made from 
the horn of a Dall’s sheep. It has a deep spoon-shape bowl, with a 
jong, slender handle provided with an ivory pin, held in place by two 
ivory pegs set in a slot cut through its outer end and projecting down- 
