NELSON) IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS 73 
PESTLES 
In connection with the round-bottom trays used to contain food, 
broad-head wooden pestles are used for crushing berries, seal fat, or 
livers of birds and fish with which various pastry mixtures are made. 
Plate xxxt, 3, from the lower Yukon, and plate xxx1, 7, from Ikog- 
mut, represent typical examples of these implements. They are made 
of wood, with large spreading heads and slightly convex lower sur- 
faces; they taper in somewhat conical form toward the handle, which 
in one consists of a large ring cut from the same piece as the head, 
and in the other has a flaring rim shaped like the bottom of a goblet. 
BLUBBER HOOKS AND CARRIERS 
Figure 8, plate xxxrira, illustrates a hook for handling blubber, 
obtained on Nunivak island by Doctor Dall. It consists of a short 
wooden handle curved to a pistol-like grip at the upper end, and having 
a slot on the inside of the lower end, in which is set the butt of a 
sharp-pointed ivory spur, which is pierced with a large hole, through 
which passes a strong rawhide lashing, which also passes through the 
wooden handle a little above the insertion of the ivory point. The 
base of the ivory point is held in position in the slot by means of an 
ivory pin, which is inserted through a hole made in the handle and in 
the base of the hook. 
A curious article, intended for carrying small pieces of meat or other 
articles when traveling (figure 9, plate xxx11«), was obtained at Chalit- 
mut. It consists of a wooden handle about seven inches long, slightly 
curved along the middle and pierced near both ends to admit the points 
of a crescentic rod of deerhorn, truncated at one end and pointed at 
the other, which is passed through one end of the wooden handle and 
wedged in by a wooden pin; the pointed end fits into the hole in the 
opposite side. Just above this the handle is pierced to receive a raw- 
hide loop, by which it can be hung up or carried. Pieces of meat or 
other objects are placed upon the carrier by being slipped upon the 
rod, which is withdrawn for the purpose, after which it is returned and 
the point again inserted into the hole in which it fits. 
BAGS FOR WATER AND OIL 
For carrying water or seal oil while making hunting trips at sea or 
on land small bags made from the stomachs or the bladders of reindeer, 
white whale, seal, or walrus are in common use. They hold from one 
to four quarts, and usually are provided with ivory nozzles, which are 
inserted in the narrow necks of the bags, and are then firmly lashed 
with sinew cord above the projecting ridge at the inner ends of the 
nozzles. In order that they may be filled easily these nozzles are 
made usually with a slightly flaring mouthpiece, which sometimes is 
