NELSON | IVORY-WORKING TOOLS—DRILLS 81 
wrapped tightly around the lower end to hold the iron point firmly in 
position. 
Figure 3 is an iron pointed awl, from Chalitmut, used as an etching 
tool in ivory working as well as for a bodkin. 
Figure 1, from St Lawrence island, is a similar tool of slightly differ- 
ent construction, being made with a slot on one side of the handle into 
which the end of the blade is placed; a wooden plug is then fitted over 
the slot, and the end wrapped around with a sinew cord to hold the 
blade and plug in position. From St Lawrence island another imple- 
ment of this kind was obtained; it is made in the ordinary style, with 
the blade wedged into a hole cut in the bone handle. 
From the same locality came another specimen (figure 4, plate 
XXXVI@) which has the blade fitted into a slot cut in the side of the 
wooden handle, and held in position by a wrapping of whalebone, one 
end of which is set in a slit in the handle. This is one of the rudest 
implements of the kind obtained. 
Figure 5, from St Lawrence island, is an ivory working tool with a 
_ curved blade made of iron set in a notch in the end of the handle. 
Figure 2, from St Michael, is another style of ivory working tool. It 
has a curved handle with a small iron blade set in a slot near the end 
ot the handle on the lower side. 
DRILLS, DRILL-BOWS, AND CAPS 
Drills are used for piercing holes in bone, ivory, reindeer antler, or 
wood. They consist of a wooden shaft with a point of stone or iron 
merely inserted in the wood or sometimes held firmly in place by wrap- 
ping with sinew or rawhide. A cap is fitted over the upper end, and 
the shaft is made to revolve rapidly by means of a stout rawhide cord 
passed twice around it and sawed backward and forward by the oper- 
ator who grasps handles in the ends of the cords. The large drills, 
used for boring holes in wood when manufacturing the frames of umiaks, 
kaiaks, and sledges, or in bone for sledge runners, are worked by two 
men, one of whom presses down on the cap of the stem and keeps it in 
position while the other works the cord. 
Smaller drills, with finer points, for more minute work are operated 
by one man, a bow being used instead of a loose cord, which enables 
the operator to use his left hand to hold the shaft in position by press- 
ing on the cap. If the material be hard and difficult to drill the cap 
piece is grasped in the teeth and both hands used to work the bow; or 
sometimes, if a small object is to be drilled, it is held in the left hand, 
the cap is held in the teeth, and the drill bow worked by the right 
hand, 
Plate xxxvil, 8, obtained at Point Barrow by Lieutenant Ray, is 
a large drill with a wooden stem, and with a well-made flint point 
inserted in its lower end and held fast by a wrapping of sinew cord. 
It is intended to be used with the double-hand cord. 
Figure 7 of the same plate, also obtained by Lieutenant Ray from 
18 ETH——6 
