yeLson] ARROWSHAFT STRAIGHTENERS—BEAVER-TOOTH TOOLS. 89 
locality. A specimen (figure 11) from Golofnin bay, made from deer- 
horn, has one end shaped to represent the head of a deer. Tigure 4, 
from Cape Nome, has a well-carved head of a reindeer on the larger 
end, with the eyes formed by inlaid beads; the other end terminates 
in a representation of a hoof. 
Plate x1, 3, from Cape Nome, has the larger end terminating in the 
form of the head and forelegs of a white bear, the eyes being repre- 
sented by blue beads. 
Plate XL, 12, from Sledge island, is of deerhorn, and has the head of 
a deer carved upon its larger end with blue beads for eyes. Another 
specimen from Sledge island is of ivory and shows signs of great 
age. Itis the only one of these objects showing much effort at orna- 
mentation by etched figures; scattered over the surface a number of 
reindeer are represented. Plate xu, 2, from the Diomede islands, is 
of ivory and has two bears’ heads rudely carved on the larger end. 
Figure 7, rom Hotham inlet, is a beautiful specimen representing a 
reindeer in a recumbent position, with the legs folded beneath the body. 
Figure 8, from Kotzebue sound, is another fine carving, representing a 
reindeer lying down with the legs folded beneath the body; the horns, 
are represented by two spikes of iron set in the head; the eyes were 
represented by beads, which have been lost. Figure 10, from Point 
Hope, has the Jarger end rounded into a knob-like termination which 
is crossed along its upper edge by a series of incised grooves. Speci- 
mens similar in form to that shown in figure 6 were found over a wide 
area and seem to be the most general type of these implements. 
Plate xu, 1, from Norton sound, made from deerhorn, and figure 5, of 
wood, from the same locality, are somewhat similar in form to straight- 
eners for arrowshafts, but are used for straightening and setting 
arrowpoints. 
BEAVER-TOOTH ‘TOOLS 
A tool made from the chisel-shape tooth of the beaver is used as a 
gouge for making the hollows for the fingers in throwing-sticks, for 
cutting grooves, and for excavating hollows in fashioning boxes, masks, 
spoons, and wooden dishes. The smooth back of the tooth is used also 
as a polishing instrument for finishing woodwork, and the carved outer 
edge serves for sharpening knives by rubbing it sharply along the 
blades. These tools are still in use, but to some extent they have been 
superseded by implements of steel and iron, since these metals have 
become more easily obtainable. Plate xxxvi1, 21, from Chalitmut, is 
a typical example of these implements, having a beaver tooth sef in a 
wooden handle and held firmly in place by a wrapping of rootlets. 
Figure 25, 3, from Port Clarence, is a beaver tooth for sharpening 
steel or iron knives, set in a short wooden haft with a wrapping about 
the end. Figure 25, 2, from Norton sound, is a beaver-tooth knife 
sharpener, with a strip of tanned skin, about seven inches in length, 
