NELSON] CELTS, ADZES, AND FLAKING TOOLS 91 
STONE IMPLEMENTS 
Celts and axes of nephrite or other hard stone are fashioned by 
grinding into shape and sometimes by pecking, and are finished by 
grinding or friction with other stones. Knife blades, lance points, and 
whetstones are also made from these substances in a similar manner. 
The stone celts, axes, and wedges are mounted on handles of wood and 
deerhorn and are very skilfully used by the Eskimo for hewing and 
surfacing logs and planks, although at the present time they are being 
displaced by iron and steel tools obtained from white traders. Ina 
kashim on the lower Yukon a plank was seen that was made many 
years ago by use of a stone adz. It was 25 feet long and four or five 
inches thick. The surface bore so many marks made by the hacking of 
Fra. 26—Flint flakers (4). 
stone adzes that it looked as if it might have been cut by beavers. 
Flint knives, spearheads, and arrowpoints are made by flaking. The 
flakers are made of small, rod-like pieces of deerhorn, wood, or ivory, 
fastened into a slot at the end of a handle, usually of ivory or deer- 
horn, with wrappings of sinew or rawhide cord. 
Figure 26, 3, represents one of these flaking implements from Kotze- 
bue sound. Figure 26, 4, is another flaker from the same locality, with 
a handle made from fossil mammoth ivory. Figure 26 2, from Hotham 
inlet, and figure 26, 1, from Point Hope, represent flakers with similar 
handles. Figure 26,5, from Kotzebue sound, has a handle of deerhorn. 
Formerly small fragments of flint were used for scraping down the 
surfaces of bone, ivory, or deerhorn articles in the course of manufac- 
ture, but for this purpose steel or iron implements are now in common 
use, and naturally produce much more satisfactory results. 
