106 THE ESKIMO ABOUT BERING STRAIT (ETH. ANN. 18 
etched lines extending out from it, evidently intended to represent a 
hood with a fur border. On the other side is the face of a woman with 
tattooed lines on the chin and a similar indication of a fur hood, and 
also two seals in relief. 
Figure 21, from Big lake, is a round, slender rod terminating in the 
head of an unknown animal. 
Figure 12, from the lower Yukon, is a slender rod having an eye at 
the lower end for the attachment of a cord, and is composed of a series 
of oval sections divided by grooves and raised beadings. 
Figure 18, from the lower Yukon, is another round rod surrounded 
by grooves and beadings. 
Figure 10, from Cape Nome, has an eye on one end for attaching the 
cord, and is sharpened at the other to serve as a bodkin. It is etched 
near its base with the raven totem. 
Figure 16, from Nubviukhehugaluk, is triangular in cross section 
and notched along two of the corners; on one side is etched the raven 
totem. This piece also terminates in a point for use as a bodkin. 
Figures 3 and 11 are both from Cape Vancouver, and have their 
ends flattened to serve as sole-creasers in making boots. 
Figure 8, from the lower Yukon; figure 4, from Big lake; figure 7, 
from Chalitmut; figure 6, from Kushunuk, and figure 5, from Koni- 
gunugumut, are all double rods, divided along the middle but joined 
near the outer ends. 
Figure 9, from Chalitmut, has two detached rods united by four 
round iron pegs or rivets, the two rods not touching anywhere along 
their length. 
Figure 20, from the Yukon; figure 1, from Sabotnisky; figure 19, 
from Konigunugumut, and figure 2, from Chalitmut, are variously orna- 
mented with lines and circles etched upon the surfaces. 
Figure 23, from Sfugunugumut, is a round ivory rod, with a seal 
carved in relief on the upper side. 
Figure 22, from the lower Kuskokwim, is a flattened image of a seal 
carved in ivory. 
NEEDLES AND BODKINS 
Formerly bone needles were used exclusively by the Eskimo, the 
holes for the stitches being pierced with a fine-pointed bodkin or awl 
of bone, ivory, or deerhorn; but since intercourse with white men has 
become more frequent they have obtained steel needles and pieces of 
iron, from which needles are made by themselves. Although many 
bodkins are now pointed with iron, a great majority of those in use are 
still made from bone, ivory, or horn. 
Figures 1 and 2, plate xnvura, from St Michael, are ivory needles 
used for sewing coarse seams in making boat covers or for similar 
heavy work. 
In the collection there is a small, flat, wooden tablet (number 44264), 
