NELSON] LANCES—SPEAR AND LANCE HEADS 147 
Figure 22, plate Lvita, from Cape Nome, and figure 21 of the same 
plate, from Norton sound, are lances of this kind, with the points bound 
to the wooden shafts by wrappings of whalebone. 
Figure 18, plate Lvira, from Unalaklit, has a wooden shaft, with a 
long, slender point of flint, shaped like the flint arrow-tips used in that 
region for hunting deer. 
Figure 24, plate Lvita, from Cape Vancouver, has a long, gracefully 
shaped head of slate, set in a wooden shaft. 
Some of these lances, instead of a plain wooden shaft or a wooden 
shaft with an ivory butt, have the upper part or foreshaft made of bone 
or ivory. 
Figure 23, plate Lvita, from the lower Kuskokwim, has a bone fore- 
shaft set in a slot in the wooden shaft and held in place by a sinew 
lashing. It has a triangular slate point, between which and the fore- 
shaft is a deep notch forming a barb. 
Figure 26, plate Lvii a, from Anogogmut, has a bone foreshaft with a 
triangular slate tip. The foreshaft is excavated at its posterior end 
for the reception of the end of the wooden part, which is thrust into 
this hole without other fastening. 
Figure 16, plate Lvita, from Chalitmut, has an ivory foreshaft with a 
triangular iron point set in a slot in its end. On the side of the fore- 
shaft a sharp-pointed ivory spur is set, pointed backward, and made to 
serve as a barb to fix the point in the body of the animal. With this 
specimen is a neat sheath, made from two pieces of wood carefully 
excavated to the form of the head and bound together by a spruce-root 
lashing. 
Figure 20, plate Lvita, obtained on Nunivak island by Doctor Dall, 
has the head made from a piece of iron riveted to a wooden shaft, 
which is pierced with a hole in which a strong rawhide loop is fastened, 
evidently for attaching the head to the line, so that the weapon could 
be withdrawn and used repeatedly ou the same animal. A long sheath 
of wood, wrapped with spruce roots, serves to protect this point when 
not in use, 
These lances are used when the seal or walrus has been disabled, so 
that it can not keep out of reach of its pursuers, when the hunter pad- 
dles up close alongside and strikes the animal, driving the detachable 
head in its entire length. The head remains in the animal, and the 
hunter immediately fits another point into the shaft and repeats the 
blow, thus inserting as many of the barbed heads as possible, until 
the animal is killed or the supply of points exhausted. Every hunter 
has his private mark cut on these points, so that, when the animal is 
secured, each is enabled to reclaim his own. 
SPEAR AND LANCE HEADS 
Figure 34, plate Lv11), illustrates a round ivory head for one of the 
smaller seal spears used with a throwing stick, obtained at Big lake. 
Figure 18, plate Lv11b, represents one of the barbed deerhorn points 
