324 THE ESKIMO ABOUT BERING STRAIT [ErH. ANN. 18 
these give an idea of their general character. Figure 109 is from lower 
Kuskokwim river and figure 110 from Nunivak island. 
Nearly all the wolf spearheads have represented upon 
the surface the form of the wolf’s body in low relief, 
with the legs and feet extending around the under side. 
The representation of the wolf or of some other ani- 
mal totem seems to be common on this class of weap- 
ons, which are used principally for killing white whales 
or walrus. 
Figure 111 illustrates a similar spearhead obtained 
on Nunivak island. It is of ivory and represents the 
land-otter totem. The muzzle is rounded, with a cir- 
cular perforation for theeye. The mouth, nostrils, and 
muzzle are outlined by incised lines, but no teeth are 
shown. Along the sides are other incised figures, as 
shown in the illustration. 
A spearhead from Chalitmut (figure 112) is carved 
to represent an ermine, indicating the totem mark of 
the owner, 
Women belonging to the wolf gens braid strips of 
wolfskin in their hair, and young men and boys wear 
a wolf tail hung behind on the belt. It is said to have 
been the ancient custom for all to wear some mark about 
the dress by which the gens of each person might be 
distinguished. 
Another gens among the Unalit is that of the ger- 
falcon (Falcorusticolus gyrfalco), The name for gerfal- 
con is chi-kibv'-i-vik; the gerfaleon totem, chi-kubv'-i-a- 
go'-tik; the gerfalcon gens, chi-kibv'-i-a'-go-thl’-i-git. On 
spears and arrows this totem mark is made by bars of 
red paint, which are said to represent the bars on the 
gerfalcon’s tail. These bars are shown on the arrow 
illustrated in the accompanying figure 113. On the 
bow represented in the same figure this totem is indi- 
cated by a red and black line along a shallow groove 
in the middle of the inside of the bow. 
The raven totem or mark is represented by an etched 
outline of the bird’s foot and leg, forming a tridentate 
<< 
Fig. 114—Simple forms of the raven totem. 
Fic. 113— Gerfalcon 
totems on bow and 
mark, or sometimes merely by an outline of the foot. 
seal spear. 
Forms of this totem are shown in figure 114. 
At East cape, Siberia, I saw numerous arrow- and spear-heads of 
