400 THE ESKIMO ABOUT BERING STRAIT [ETH. ANN. 18 
set along the bordering flat strip of wood parallel to the side of the 
mask, thus representing a vertical mouth on each side of the face. The 
images of the seals, reindeer, labrets, and arms, as well as the teeth and 
eyebrows, are fastened to the main body of the mask by wooden pegs 
inserted in holes. The inside of the mouths, on the sides of the head 
as well as that in the usual place, are painted red, as are also the insides 
of the hands; the chin is bluish; the labrets are white, with black 
spots; the arms are blue below and white above, with a black line 
drawn along the upper border of the mouth, joining the mustache line 
of the upper lip on the body of the mask. Overeach nostril is a curved 
black line to represent a depression; there is also a broad black band 
across the region of the eyes from side to side,and a border of red 
extends along the brow above the pegs, indicating the eyebrows. This 
image represents the tunghdk or being that controls the supply of game. 
It is usually represented as living in the moon. The shamans commonly 
make a pretense of going to him with offerings in order to bring game 
into their district when the hunters have been unsuccessful for some time. 
Masks of this character are too heavy to be worn upon the face with- 
out additional support, so they are ordinarily suspended from the roof 
of the kashim by strong cords. The wearer stands behind with the 
mask bound about his head, and wags it from side to side during the 
dance so as to produce the ordinary motion. I was told that in all the 
great mask festivals several of these huge objects were usually thus 
suspended from the roof. 
From the lower Kuskokwim there is a cireular mask, 15 inches in 
diameter, in the form of a round board with a human face in relief on its 
center in front, and excavated in the back. A hoop of splints surrounds 
the border of this mask, joined to it below and held out from the sides 
elsewhere to a distance of from one to two inches by lashings. AIl 
around the sides and top of the border are set the white, secondary quill- 
feathers of swans or gulls. Above the forehead on each side is a rudely 
carved head of a fish, and below on each side of the cheeks is the head 
of a seal, all of which are set into the mask by pegs in their bases and 
project forward at right angles to the plane of face. Between these 
heads and on the border of the board opposite the sides of the face are 
attached by pegs curious flat representations of thumbless hands with 
holes in the palms. The mouth is large, wide, rounded at the corners, 
and set around with the teeth of some mammal. The nostrils are large 
and rounded; the eyes are oval and set in obliquely with their near cor 
ners highest. The mouth, nostrils, and eyes are pierced through the 
wood. The upper portion of this mask is made from a separate piece, 
which is neatly fitted to the main part and held in place by rawhide 
lashings. The main color of the front of the mask is white; a band of 
black encircles the surface an inch or more outside the border of the 
face. The borders of the face in relief are painted a dull green; the 
inside of the mouth is red, and a heavy mustache and the depression 
