NELSON] SUPERNATURAL POWERS 429 
the tunghit of inanimate things the shamans can see the shades of 
dead people or animals which are invisible to persons not specially 
endowed. 
The shades of people or of animals frequently come at the call of 
shamans, doing their bidding, and sometimes the shade of a dead shaman 
will appear for this purpose. 
The Unalit told me of a shaman who once lived among them and 
was aided by his dog, with whom he could talk, the dog being a 
tunghak which had taken that form. A common form of tunghak is 
the yu-d, or spirit of the elements, places, and things. 
Along the coast of Norton sound and the lower Yukon shamans 
sometimes cause the death of new-born infants and afterward steal the 
body and dry it carefully, in order to keep it and have control of its 
shade as a specially strong influence. On the Yukon [ heard of an 
instance in which one of these men stole the dried body of an infant 
from another shaman and by aid of its shade became noted for his 
remarkable powers. When he died his relatives were very much afraid 
of the small mummy and burned it. 
Men who are not shamans, but who understand some of these things, 
will sometimes cause the death of a new-born child for the purpose of 
having the services of its shade to secure success in hunting. The 
child must be killed secretly and its body stolen, so that no one knows 
of it; after the body is dried, it is placed in a bag and worn on the 
person or carried in a kaiak when at sea. One of the best hunters at 
St Michael had such a body, which he carried, wrapped in a little bag, 
in his kaiak. By careful inquiry I learned that he had caused its 
death and then obtained the body from its grave box near the village 
without the knowledge of the mother. It is believed that when the 
hunter carries one of these objects the shade of the infant, which is 
clairvoyant, assists its possessor in finding game and directs the spear 
in its flight so that the animal shall not escape. Owners of these 
objects are extremely jealous of them and try to keep their possession 
secret. It was by mere accident that I discovered the existence of the 
one just mentioned. 
At Point Hope, on the Arctic coast, a young man came on board the 
Corwin wearing a pair of gloves, on the back of which were sewed a 
pair of outspread feet of the sea parrot (Mormon arctica). On question- 
ing his companions they said that he was a shaman, and once while he 
was fishing along the shore one of these birds had alighted on his 
hands, leaving its feet to bring him success in salmon fishing. 
Shamans are greatly feared, and their advice concerning hunting, 
traveling, and other matters of this kind is usually obeyed, but many 
failures on their part to give good counsel or to cure sickness may result 
in serious consequences. In the fall of 1879 the Malemut of Kotzebue 
sound killed a shaman, saying in explanation that he told too many lies. 
If a shaman is suspected of using his powers to work evil upon his 
