XLVl ANNUAL REPOKT OF THE DIRKCTOR 



the purpose of obtaining additions and corrections, with the in- 

 tention, if these siiould prove to be numerous, of resetting the 

 matter. 



Mr. Frank H. Gushing was stationed at Washington at the 

 conmiencement of the fiscal year and was engaged in the 

 chissification of liis field material in preparation for its pub- 

 lication. During the fall he completed a short paper on 

 Zuni culture growth as evidenced by studies of Pueblo ce- 

 ramics, which was published in the Fourth Annual Report of 

 the Bureau. In this paper he maintains, with a large amount 

 of linguistic evidence, that the Zuni culture is mainly autoch- 

 thonous, and that its growth, especially the growth of archi- 

 tectural, agricultural, ceramic, and other arts and industries 

 pertaining to it, has been largel^^ accomplished within the 

 desert areas of America which still form the habitat of the 

 Pueblo Indians, and probably, also, within a period more lim- 

 ited than has usually been supposed essential to such develop- 

 ment. 



He prepared also a paper on the "Ancient province of Ci- 

 bola and the seven lost cities," in which he not only identifies 

 the seven cities of Cibola above referred to with seven ruins 

 near the present Zuni village, but also furnishes interesting- 

 examples of the permanence of Indian tradition and of its value, 

 when propei'ly used, as a factor in ethnographic and historic 

 research. 



Among the later and perhaps more important results of his 

 studies during the year are investigations of the myths and 

 folk tales abundantly recorded by him during previous years 

 among the Zuni. 



By the extended comparison which lie is able to make be- 

 tween these folk tales and myths, now first brought together 

 as a whole, and by the application to their study of the lin- 

 guistic method employed by him in the preparation of the two 

 papers already mentioned, he is able to trace the growth of 

 mere ideas or of primitive conceptions of natural or biotic phe- 

 nomena and of ])hysical or animal function into the persona? 

 and incidents which go to make up myths, as well as to trace 

 the influence of these growths on the worship of the Zuni. 



