II — 



APPENDIX A; PETTERSSON 



A météorologie phenomenon, which is obviously connected with the flow of the 

 Atlantic current in autumn, is the characteristic retardation of the seasons peculiar to 

 one part of Northern Europe. The eastern part of Europe has a continental climate. 

 The coldest month is January, the hottest July. This rule holds also for the coast of 

 the Atlantic proper. Thus in Scotland, Ireland and the southern and western part of 

 England January is the coldest month of the year. But in the countries surrounding 

 the Norwegian Sea, the North Sea and the Baltic, as f. ex. the Shetlands and Faroes, 



Influence of 

 the annual 

 period. Retard- 

 ation of 

 the seasons 



mivvvivirvniixxxrxn i 



Vorijer^ 



Svainemiinilc 



Waterleve1|of the Dutch North 



Sea coast. Average for the years 



1 884- 1 90 1 



Waterlevel of the Baltic ; Swedish 



coast. Average for the years 



1887-1900 



Fig- 7- 



Waterlevel of tlie Baltic : German 



coast. Average for the j'ears 



1882-1897 



the Scandinavian peninsula a. o., the conditions are otherwise, the yearly maxima of 

 cold and heat being retarded, so that February is colder than January. This fact is 

 usually ascribed to the amount of heat accumulated during the warmer season in the 

 seawater. 



This explanation holds for the Baltic, where the 30-50 m. deep homogeneous sur- 

 face layer in the course of a year can alter its surface temperature from 17° to i°'5 C, 

 indicating a debit of heat from the sea to the atmosphere of about 500000 Kilogram 

 calories per square meter. The extraordinarily mild climate of the Baltic islands Goth- 



2* 



