_ 31 _ APPENDIX J: GERMANY 



that town to Emden with a fleet of six vessels (so-called luggers) of the newest construction. 

 Since that time, the Emden herring fishery has not only maintained itself but even increa- 

 sed; the six vessels of 1872 have become a fleet of 65 luggers and 2 steamers in 1903. 

 These vessels belong at present to three firms settled at Emden. Four other companies 

 founded in other towns also carry on the herring fishery, viz. one in Glückstadt (1894) 

 with at present 14 luggers, one in Bremeu-Vegesack (1895) with 24 sailing vessels and 

 one steamer, one in Elsfleth (1894) with 15 luggers, and one in Geestemiinde (1898) 

 with 9 steamers. 



A summary of the number of vessels and the results of the fishery since 1872, may 

 conclude this sketch (see Tab. XVII). 



2. Deep-sea sail fishery and steam trawling. The most important division of the Deep-sea «sbery 

 deep-sea sail fishery has always been that of the so-called "Ewer", which has been in °!,„7'Jj7amerr 

 existence on the lower Elbe and on the Schleswig-Holstein coast since the 18 th century, 

 and is still carried on there. The principal fishing apparatus of these vessels, also, of the 

 so-called "Kutterewer", of the cutters and other deep-sea sailing boats, is the beam trawl 

 ("Kurre"). Next comes the fixed gill-net. Those vessels belong also to this category which 

 fish with hooks, and likewise finally, those which employ drift-nets during the herring 

 season but the trawl during other months. 



The oldest notices of the "Ewer" fishery date, according to Lindeman(3), from 1787, 

 and are concerned with the fishing village of Blankenese from which, at that time, the 

 sea fishery was proseceuted by 140 "Ewer". These Blankenese vessels fished, however, with 

 trammel nets, not with the trawl. The trammels float vertically in the water, close to the 

 bottom, and the fish entrammel themselves as in a pocket, and it was ascribed to this 

 mode of fishing, that the Blankenese fishermen were able to compete successfully with the 

 Dutch, and even to export their fish to Holland. "For the Dutch fish with a kind of 

 pocket or purse net about 50 feet in length, and having a mouth 16 feet broad by 3 feet 

 high. With this net, which is called a "kurr", the fish are not seldom killed, damaged 

 or made unfit for preservation." 



This sea-fishery of Blankenese began in March; during the spring, the fishing was for 

 the plaice, on grounds not far from the Dutch coasts of the islands of Terschelling, Ame- 

 land etc. After Easter, the "Ewer" fished more in the open sea, in depths of from 20 to 25 

 fathoms, for soles, large plaice, turbot, as well as for haddock and lobsters. This sea-fishery 

 was carried on until the autumn weather put an end to the operations. 



For how long the Blankenese fishermen persisted in this trammel-net fishery, does 

 not seem well known. It is also not known, whether the Finkenwärder fishermen, who took 

 up this sea fishery later, likewise used this net in the North Sea. According to Lindeman, 

 the Finkenwärder fishermen began the sea fishery when the herring shoals appeared again 

 at the Elbe, which has been the case since 1800. Further, we know, that there were 15 

 sea-fishermen in Finkenwärder in 1819, who fished for herring with the purse net, and 

 that they employed the "kurre" for the capture of sea-fish, including without doubt flat-fish. 



There were also other villages along the banks of the Elbe, which took part in the 

 fisheries at the beginning of last century — the Elbe fisheries with yawls, the sea fisheries 

 with" Ewer"; but only Blankenese and Finkenwärder seem to have remained as important 

 fishing places until the second half of the 19th century. For 1871, it is stated that 

 there were: 



