iv PKEFACE. 



and this has now in its turn been Waoroughly revised. The Tables of 

 Positions have been reconstructed ; the Chapters and Diagrams on the 

 "Winds, Currents, and Passages, embrace information from the latest and 

 most reliable sources of knowledge on these subjects, especially the 

 Sections on the Winds and Weather of the Northern Atlantic, on the 

 Gulf Stream, and on the new Uniform Koutes for Steamers, to minimise 

 the risks of collision; the subject of Ice, as a danger to navigation, is also 

 fully discussed, and includes a Code of Ice Signals for the vicinity of the 

 Newfoundland Banks ; while the descriptions of the Coasts and Islands, 

 and of the Scattered Eocks and Shoals, have been completely re-written. 

 The theory of Storms and Hurricanes has received due attention, »2^ the 

 Section on Hurricanes and the Law of Storms, illustrated by new 

 diagrams, has been entirely remodelled ; as appertaining to the same 

 subject, an article has also been added on the use of Oil in Calming 

 Eough Seas, illustrated by diagrams. The latest information concerning 

 the Depth, Temperature, &c., of the Ocean, has been collectfid and 

 embodied in the Section on those subjects. 



We could extenc our remarks, but prefer that tcose who may use this 

 Work should draw their own conclusions as to its value. We have now 

 only to thank the numerous authorities, to whom we are indebted for the 

 increase of our knowledge, which has added so considerably to the bulk of 

 the volume, and to solicit fresh information from those who may be in a 

 position to amend or add to it. 



W. R. K. 

 LowuOii. October, 1 894, 



It having become necessary to reproduce this Work in the midst of a dis- 

 astrous War, it was found impossible to prepare an entirely new edition. 

 The Uniform Eoutes for Steamers have been revised, consequent upon the 

 appalhng loss of the steamer Titanic ; a new chart of the Magnetic Varia- 

 tion and Dip inserted ; and the descriptions of the Coasts and Islands have 

 been omitted, as being out of date. 



W. E. K. 



London, January, 1918. 



