Ions during 1964. About 90 percent or 44,000 

 billion gallons per year (bgy) of all intake water 

 was used for cooling or condensing purposes. 

 Water used for processing, including water com- 

 ing into contact with the product as steam or as 

 coolant, amounted to nearly 8 percent (3,700 

 bgy) of the total water intake. The remaining 2 

 percent (960 bgy) was used for boiler-feed water. 



Brackish water, water containing more than 

 1,000 mg/1 dissolved solids, amounted to nearly 

 30 percent (15,000 bgy) of the total intake water. 

 Most (32,000 bgy) of the fresh water intake (34,- 

 000 bgy ) was surface water delivered by company- 

 owned water systems. 



The manufacturing industry used approximately 

 4,300 billion gallons of water that they treated or 

 secured from a public supply in 1964. This was 30 

 percent of water intake for manufacturing and 

 approximates 90 percent of all water that they 

 used for boiler feed and processing. 



Table V-2 summarizes the information on water 

 intake, recycling, and consumption, for each indus- 

 trial group considered. 



Raw water quality 



In general, the procedure used by the individual 

 task forces involved first establishing the quality 

 requirements for various waters at point of use ex- 

 clusive only of the addition of internal conditioning 

 chemicals such as biocides, or corrosion or deposit 

 inhibitors. Second, the consideration of methods of 

 external treatment (e.g. clarification, softening, 

 demineralization, etc.) that have been used; and 

 finally establishing the quality characteristics of 

 raw surface waters that have been used by the 

 various industries. 



Minimum standards 



Minimum standards that should be met by all 

 surface waters for all uses include the following 

 (3). The water should be: 



( 1 ) Free from substances attributable to mu- 



TABLE V-2. Industrial and Investor-Owned Thermal Electric Plant Water Intake, Reuse, and 



Consumption, 1964 



[Source: 1963, census of manufacturers, water use in manufacturing (7) and water resources activities in the United States — electric 

 power in relation to the Nation's water resources (9)] 



1 Boiler-feed water use by thermal electric plants estimated 

 to be equivalent to industrial sanitary service, etc., water use. 



"Total boiler-feed water, 



