goes to a sewer from which it ultimately returns to 

 a surface water course and so cannot be said to 

 have been consumed. 



It is estimated that 10 percent of the intake 

 water is either lost to the atmosphere or incorpo- 

 rated in products. Thus, the total water consump- 

 tion for steam generation is about 96 bgy. 



Discharge: Discharge is boiler blowdown and 

 steam condensate that is lost to sewers. This cor- 

 responds to the difference between intake and con- 

 sumption or 860 bgy. 



Cooling Waters 



Once through cooling: Once through cooling 

 water use in industry during 1964 was at the rate 



of approximately 2,900 bgy for steam electric 

 power generation and 6,500 bgy for other uses 

 (7). 



Total cooling water use in thermal electric 

 power plants was 27,000 bgy in 1959 and is esti- 

 mated at 57,000 bgy for 1970 (9). Assuming for 

 simplicity that the rate of change will be linear, the 

 probable use for 1964 was 41,000 bgy. It is esti- 

 mated that recirculation in these plants is 5,800 

 bgy, so that once through cooling required 35,000 

 bgy. These figures do not include water used in 

 public-owned steam generation plants for which 

 no data were available. 



The total water quantities used for once through 

 cooling are summarized in detail on the following 

 page. 



TABLE V-4. Quality Characteristics of Surface Waters That Have Been Used for Steam Generation 



and Cooling in Heat Exchangers 



[Unless otherwise indicated, units are mg/I and values are maximums. No one water will have all the maximum values shown.] 



Characteristic 



Boiler makeup water 



Low and 



medium High pressure 

 pressure 700 to 1,500 High pressure 

 to 700 psig psig > 1,500 psig 



Cooling water 



Brackish > 



Makeup for recycling 



Fresh 



Brackish ' 



Silica (SIO2) 150 



Aluminum (Al) 3 



Iron (Fe) 80 



Manganese (Mn) 10 



Copper (Cu) O 



Zinc (Zn) O 



Calcium (Ca) (-) 



Magnesium (Mg) O 



Ammonia (NH3) O 



Bicarbonate (HCO3) 600 



Sulfate (SO4) 1,400 



Chloride (CI) 19,000 



Nitrate (NO3) (-) 



Phosphate (PO.) C) 



Dissolved solids 35,000 



Hardness (CaCOj) 5,000 



Acidity (CaCOj) 1,000 



Alkalinity (CaCO,) 500 



pH, units (") 



Color, units 1,200 



Organics: 



Methylene blue active 1 



substances. 



Carbon tetrachloride 100 



extract. 



Chemical oxygen demand (O:) 100 



Odor C) 



Hydrogen sulfide (H.S) O 



Dissolved oxygen (O2) O 



Temperature, F 120 



Suspended solids 15,000 



150 

 3 

 80 

 10 

 O 

 O 

 (0 



C) 



600 



1,400 



19,000 



O 



O 



35,000 



5,000 



1,000 



500 



C) 



1,200 



100 



100 

 O 

 C) 

 C) 



120 

 15,000 



150 



3 



80 



10 



n 



(=) 

 (') 



600 



1,400 



19,000 



n 



50 



35,000 



5,000 



1,000 



500 



C) 



1,200 



10 



100 



500 

 C) 

 C) 

 (=) 



120 

 15,000 



50 

 3 

 14 

 2.5 

 (.') 



500 



600 



680 



600 



30 



4 



1,000 



850 



500 



5.0-8.9 



C) 



1.3 



O 



(=) 

 C) 



C) 



100 

 5,000 



25 



(=) 



1.0 



0.02 



C) 



(.') 



1,200 



O 



C) 



180 



2,700 



22,000 



(=) 



5 



35,000 



7,000 



C) 



150 



5.0-8.4 



(=) 



C) 



O 



(=) 



C) 



4 



C) 



100 



250 



150 



3 



80 



10 



O 

 500 



n 

 o 



600 



680 



500 



30 



4 



1,000 



850 



200 



500 



3.5-9.1 



1,200 



1.3 



100 



100 

 (=) 



n 



120 

 15,000 



25 

 O 

 1.0 

 0.02 

 C) 



n 



1,200 

 C) 



C) 



180 



2,700 



22,000 



O 



5 



35,000 



7,000 



O 



150 



5.0-8.4 



O 



1.3 



100 



200 



C) 



4 



O 



120 



250 



1 Brackish water — dissolved solids more than 1,000 mg/I by 

 definition 1963 census of manufacturers. 



= Accepted as received (if meeting total solids or other limit- 

 ing values); has never been a problem at concentrations 

 encountered. 



= Zero, not detectable by test. 



* No floating oil. 



NOTE. — Application of the above values should be based 

 upon analytical methods in Part 23, ASTM book of standards 

 (1) or APHA Standard methods for the examination of water 

 and wastewater (5). 



192 



