Part II. 

 textile, lumber, paper 

 and allied products 



textile mill products 

 (SIC 22) 



Description of industry 



The production of textiles is an ancient house- 

 hold art, but with the industrial revolution the 

 production of textiles was rapidly changed to mills 

 with mass production processes. At first, mills were 

 located near rivers for water power. The mills also 

 needed clear soft water for processing and there- 

 fore the textile industry developed in New England 

 where both water power and good quality process 

 water were available. Because much of their raw 

 material (cotton) was produced in the Southeast, 

 the textile plants gradually moved their cloth pro- 

 duction and then their finishing process plants to 

 the Southeast. By this time, mills were powered by 

 coal or electricity so that many of them moved to 

 communities which were located on the ridges. 

 Many plants located on the Piedmont Plateau 

 where the raw process water was soft but turbid. 

 The technology of water treatment was sufficiently 

 well developed that the turbidity was easily 

 removed. 



With time, the new synthetic fiber plants were 

 located near the natural fiber plants. (The syn- 

 thetic fiber production is part of the chemical 

 industry.) 



Natural fibers are spun, teased, and woven in 

 the dry state, except for some stiffening of the 

 warp; this latter process is known as sizing. The 

 thread is run through the size which is dispersed 

 in a highly concentrated water suspension. The 

 natural fibers in the cloth are generally scoured 

 to remove the sizing and natural waxes before 

 bleaching and dyeing. Synthetic fibers which may 

 be mixed with natural fibers in the cloth are 

 also scoured, but this is incidental. The cloth is 

 bleached before dyeing to obtain a more repro- 

 ducible color each time a specific dye is used. 



Water is used for scouring, bleaching, rinsing, 

 and dyeing. The quality requirement for dyeing 

 approaches that of distilled water. 



In a very new development, water is used in 

 place of a mechanical shutde for weaving synthetic 

 fibers. Except for dissolved gases and viscosity, 

 the quality characteristics of this water have no 

 significance. 



Processes utilizing water 



The sizing or stiffening of the warp fibers by 



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