paper 

 and allied products 

 (SIC 26) 



Description of industry 



The pulp and paper industries are those de- 

 scribed under the SIC Code Number 26. Since the 

 principal product is paper, including paperboard, 

 and the principal pulping processes are kraft and 

 groundwood, the data given will be for these major 

 processes. Specialty processes and products having 

 unique water quality requirements should be con- 

 sidered as special cases. 



Processes utilizing water 



The manufacture of pulp and paper is highly 

 dependent upon an abundant supply of water. 

 The major process water uses are preparation of 

 cooking and bleaching chemicals, washing, trans- 

 portation of the pulp fibers to the next processing 

 step, and formation of the pulp into the dry 

 product. 



Census data (7) for 1964 indicate that about 

 1,300 bgy of water were used by this industry 

 and that about 74 percent or 990 billion gallons, 

 required treatment prior to use. However, these 

 data include water used for cooling, bearing 



lubrication, pulp seals, and other non-process re- 

 quirements. If process water is defined as only 

 water that contacts the product, the estimated 

 usage is 500 bgy. 



The process water required per ton of product 

 is estimated in figures V-1 and V-2. Figure V-1 

 illustrates the typical Kraft process that is similar 

 to the major pulping processes having chemical 

 recovery. Wash water was estimated at 2,600 gal/ 

 ton for unbleached and 10,000 gal/ton for wash- 

 ing bleached pulp. Transportation of the pulp was 

 estimated to require 4,000 gal/ton after each proc- 

 ess. The amount of water recycled was based on 

 the dilution required at each processing step and 

 is much higher than the data given by the Bureau 

 of the Census. Figure V-2 shows similar data for 

 a typical mechanical pulping mill. A summary of 

 the water used to produce finished paper products 

 by the three major processes is given below. 



Process water requirements, gallons per ton 

 of product 



Consump- Dis- 

 Intake^ Recycle tion charge 



Mechanical 



Pulping 1,000 47,000 1,000 250 



Unbleached 

 chemical pulp 

 and paper 7,000 115,000 1,000 6,000 



Bleached chemi- 

 cal pulp and 

 paper 20,000 250,000 1,000 19,000 



^ Does not include about 250 gallons per ton of water present 

 in the woodchips. 



CHEMICAL PULPING 



CHIPS 



EVAPORATION 

 550 



1750 



BROWN STOCK 



WASHING AND 



SCREENING 



>lr 4040>lr>lr>lr 



4^ 



14040 



1750 



2400 T \T 



BLEACHING 



il750 



CHEMICALS 

 1510 



240 \2640 



11,960 



Additional water required 

 for bleaching pulp 



PAPER 

 MAKING 



5230 



390 



Figure V-1— Pulp and paper industry: water intake, recycle, and discharge, 

 gallons of water per ton of product.) 



^ PAPER 

 TRODUCT 

 10 



(All data given as 



198 



