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examples of commercial development within the coastal zone taking 

 precedent over protection of the land and waters in the coastal zone. 

 There has been a understandable need to create revenues to provide 

 governmental services demanded by a growing population, thus creat- 

 ing pressures for commercial, residential and other economic develop- 

 ment. Local govermuent does have continuing authority and responsi- 

 bility in the coastal zone. Local government needs financial, planning, 

 political, and other assistance to avert damage to natural values in the 

 coastal zone. Whenever local government has taken the initiative to 

 prepare commercial plans and programs which fulfill the require- 

 ments of the Federal and coastal State zone management legislation, 

 3uch local plans and programs should be allowed to continue to function 

 under the State management program. 



Until recently, local government has exercised most of the States' 

 power to regulate land and water uses. But in the last few years a 

 transition has been taking place, particularly as the States and the 

 people have more clearly recognized the need for better management 

 of the coastal zone. There have been many problems arising from the 

 failure of the State and local governments to deal adequately with 

 the pressures which call for economic development within the coastal 

 zone at the expense of other values. 



Some States have taken strong action. Hawaii undertook the first 

 and most far reaching reform of land use regulation in 1961, placing 

 statewide zoning power in its State Land Use Commission. The entire 

 State is divided into four zones, urban, rural, agricultural and conser- 

 vation. County agencies have considerable authority to delineate al- 

 lowable uses within the boundaries of some zones subject to the general 

 regulation of the Commission. The Commission has no enforcement 

 arm of its own. Enforcement of use restrictions in all zones remains 

 with the counties. Hawaii's action however is predominately land re- 

 lated and full consideration must be given to its surrounding marine 

 environment. Similar situations exist in other States which have at- 

 tempted to manage utilization of their land and shore areas. The 

 American Law Institute has estimated that at least 90% of the current 

 land use decisions being made by local governments have no major 

 efTects on State or national interests. Local governments should main- 

 tain control over a great majority of matters which are only of local 

 concern. The range of problems that arise in the coastal zone, how- 

 ever, often calls for wider jurisdictional range. 



It is the intent of the committee to recognize the need for expand- 

 ing State participation in the control of land and water use decisions 

 in the coastal zone. However, the State is directed to draw on local, 

 regional. State, Federal, and private interests in the planning and 

 management process. The States may delegate to local governments, 

 areawide agencies, or interstate agencies some or all of the manage- 

 ment responsibilities under this act. The committee has adopted the 

 States as the focal point for developing comprehensive plans and im- 

 plementing management programs for the coastal zone. It is believed 

 that tlie States do have the resources, administrative machinery, en- 

 forcement powers, and constitutional authority on which to 1)iiild a 

 sound coastal zone management program. However, there may be 

 instances where a city or group of local municipalities, or areawide 

 agencies or interstate agencies may contain sufficient resources to be 



