1009 



123 



Atlanta is about the farthest inland point, and hence the limit of the 

 inland influence of pipelines. 



Tanker terminals are less innocuous. "The potential for change 

 which tanker terminals and oil-related developments have is poten- 

 tially enormous, and focuses attention upon the impact on coastal 

 areas." ^^ 



Terminals are primarily of three types : 



1. Transfer, in which oil from platforms is loaded to larger 

 vessels for shipment. 



2. Discharge, in which oil is received for refining. 



3. Product, in which refined liquids are loaded for transfer to 

 market centers. 



Transfer terminals are located near the gathering center for the 

 production field where tankers may safely berth. Discharge terminals 

 require safe deepwater areas, and either proximity to or pipeline trans- 

 portation to, refining areas. Product terminals must have convenient 

 modes of transportation to the market centers. 



Of the three, discharge terminals primarily will be induced by OCS 

 development. Facilities which may be found in the terminal are: stor- 

 age tanks, docks, tanker loading and ballast water treatment facilities, 

 power plant and vapor control facilities, an office building, fire pump 

 building and station, warehouse and shop building, and oil spill con- 

 tingency equipment.^* 



An export terminal being constructed at Flotta Island in the Ork- 

 neys indicates the relative magnitude of investment. The terminal 

 will be able to handle 500,000 BPD, and will require 900 men in con- 

 struction and about 80 in operation. The estimated construction cost 

 is $50 million with annual operating costs of about $5 million.^^ 



Not all the facilities in the terminal complex must necessarily lie 

 directly on the coast. BP operates a terminal on the First of Fourth 

 near Edinburgh. The associated tank farm lies three miles inland at 

 Dalmeny.2^ Presumably other facilities such as the power plant, bal- 

 last water treatment, and vapor control plant, could be located some 

 distance inland as well. However, it is unlikely that terminal facilities 

 will stretch much beyond three miles from the coast. 



Gas 



Gas transportation also involves several options: reinjection pipe- 

 lines, and LNG tankering. Shipment of a small quantity of gas is not 

 economical ; such deposits will be reinjected. Larger fields will gener- 

 ally be piped ashore, unless the fields are a considerable distance from 

 shore, or pipelines cannot be laid. In such cases LNG tankering may 

 be economically viable. 



Construction of gas pipelines will have essentially the same impacts 

 as oil lines. The impact during operation will probably be less, as gas 

 leaks are less environmentally damaging (although more hazardous). 



LNG tankering involves liquification offshore and regasification on- 

 shore. The requirements for regasification facilities are as follows : 



1. Proximity of fields. 



2. Proximity of markets. 



» Scotland and Oil. p. 22. 

 " Proprammatlc PETS. Vol. II, p. 1»7. 

 » ProerammaMc FEIS, Vol. II, p. 191. 

 "Baldwin, p. 118. 



