18 



USE OF CASES (continued) 

 DATIVE 



1) Indirect object: Epo^eccop ^aJI CTaTtlO "The professor gave the 



CBOeMy CTyflBHTy. article to his student." 



2) Subject of impersonal expressions: Mojkho mhb paSoTaTb "Can l[is it possible 



SJieCb? ■^°^ '"®-' ^° work here?" 



3) After certain verbs: Accmctbht noMoraeT "The assistant helps 



npOf{)ecCOpy. ^^^ professor." 



PREPOSITIONAL 



(This case is used only after the prepositions: npw, b, Ha, o/od/o6o, no.) 

 INSTRUMENTAL 



1) To denote means or instrument: fl nwiiiy HapaHflamoM . "I am writing withCby 



means of] a pencil." 



2) Similarly, to denote agent: JleKUWH 6ujia npouHTaHa "The lecture was 



aMepHKaHCKMM ytieHHM . given[read] by an 



American scientist." 



3) As a case of specification or reference: uiMpHHOii "in width, as to width" 



TOJimMHOit "In thickness" 

 flJIHHOii "in length" 



4) Often with future and past tense forms 



of the verb "to be": Mcit cuh dyflST Bpa^OM . "My son will be a 



doctor." 

 Oh 6uji COJIflaTOM . -He was a soldier." 



5) After special verbs: Ohm SaHMWaiOTCH "They are carrying on 



Ba«HHMH MCCJieflOBaHMHMH . important investi- 

 gations." 



Separation Vowel o/e 



Certain consonant letters, which may occur in clusters before a vowel ending, e.g. 

 OKHO "window", are separated by the vowel letter o_or e before zero ending(no ending), 

 e.g. G-pl. OKOH . The letter t^ ("soft sign") in such clusters is replaced by the e -vowel, 

 for example, N-sg. nucBMO "letter", G-pl. nHceu . This vowel insertion may be noticed 

 in the following categorie s: 



1) N-sg. of masculine nouns: KycoK G-sg. KycHa D-sg.KycKy "piece" 



flBHb flHH flHK "day" 



Jiefl JIBfla JIbfly "ice" 



2) G-pl. of fem. and neut. nouns: omHfiOK N-sg. onmdHa "mistake" 



HOJieU HOJIbUO "ring" 



flepeBBHb flBpeBHfl "village" 



3) Masc. short forms of some adjectives 



(see following section): nojiOH : nojiHeS "full" 



BHflBH : BMflHHH "apparent" 



flOBOJIBH : flOBOJIbHHii "satisfied" 



