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6h 



This particle is used with past tense forms of the verb or with infinitives to express 

 conditions which might have t^en place but did not, or conditions which might exist in 

 the future but probably will not . Of the various traditional names applied to this construct- 

 ion perhaps the most descriptive is a "contrary-to-fact condition". An example is: 



ECJIH 6h MOJienyjia 6uJia nOCJieflHMM "if the molecule were the last 



"HHpnHqOM MMpOSflaHWfl", TO HE 3T0M 'brick of world-creation', then with this 



paCCMOTpeHHe 3HepreTWUeCHMX npe- it could be possible to conclude the con- 



BpameHHH MOMHO 6hJI0 6u SanOHMMTb. sideration of energetistic transmutations." 



qTo6u 



This connective is used after verbs of wishing, e.g. 



fl XO^Y, ^^06u oh CflSJiaJI 3T0. "I want him to do this." 



or simply with the meaning "in order to". If the subject of the qTo6H clause is the same 

 as that of the main clause, an infinitive may be used, e.g. 



fl BepnyjICH, WT06h Ona WOrJia "I returned, so that she could talk 



nOrOBOpMTb CO MHOK. with me." 



fl BepHyjlCfl, WTCdH nOrOBOpHTb "I returned to have a talk with her." 

 C HSit. 

 flBJIflGTCH, flBJIflKTCfl 



In written Russian the above two forms(3rd. sg. and 3rd. pi. present) of the verb 

 HBJiflTbCfl "to appear", are used very often in the verbal meaning "to be", that is, 

 "is" and "are" respectively. The subject noun will be in the N case but the noun or 

 adjective to which it is equated will be in the I case. For example, 



OCHOBHHMH MarHHTHHMH xapaKTepilCTKHaMM "Its residual magnetic induction and 

 MarHHTHOS nJieHHH HBJIfllOTCfl ee OCTaTOyHaH coercive force are the basic magnetic 

 MarHHTHafl MHJjyHttWfl H HOSpUHTHBHaH CHJia. characteristics of magnetic tape." 



Special Use of 3rd, pi. Form of Verb 



A 3rd. pi. form of the verb may appear without an expressed subject and equate, in 

 translation, to an English passive construction. Some examples are: 



^ReCh rOBOpHT nO-pycCKH. "Russian is spoken here." 



TeMnepaTypy BOSpyxa. MSMBPHKT "Air temperature is measured with the 



C nOMOmbK) MeTeoporpa(|JOB ... help of meteorographs..." 



Negation 



The two particles which are used in Russian to express negation are: 



He "not" 



HST "no, there is not/there are not" 



The particle He. is used in simple equational statements, with verbs and in conjunction 

 with adjectives, e.g. 



IleTpOB He i|)M3HH. "Petrov is not a physicist." 



fl He Bmmy ropOfla. "I don't see the city." 



&T0 HeSoJIbfflOffi flOM. "That's a small[not large] house." 



The particle hgt may be used by itself as an answer or it may be used with other words 

 in short sentences, e.g. 



