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Consonant Alternations 



In certain definite situations some consonants alternate regularly with other 

 consonants. These alternations are so characteristic of Russian structure that the 

 learner should familiarize himself with them. Of the several categories affected by 

 these alternations only the three most important for the beginner are offered: 



1) 1st, sg. present tense forms of ii verbs, e.g. n jiiodJiio "I love" : Ch jikSwt 



2) Past passive participles(treated in pages following) of h verbs, e.g. 



OTMGUeHHUM "marked" : OTWeTMTb "to mark" 



3) Word derivation; e.g. , 



CBeT "light" 



The consonant alternations are the following: 



npOCBemeHMe "education" 



MHOro "much" MHOMeCTBO "great quantity" 



B03HTb "to convey" fl BOHty (tU BOSHinB ...) 



CTyflMTB "to cool" CTy)KeHHHK "chilled" 



paCCyflWTb "to discuss paCCyKflaTb "to discussdmpf . 



BOCTOK "East" 



ynjiaTMTb "to pe 



BOCTOyHHH "eastern" 



fl ynjiayy (th ynjiaTHiub ...) 



CBBT "light" OCBemeHMB "illumination" 



BHnyCTHTb "to release BHnymBHHUK "released" 



BOCH "wax" BOmHTb "to wax" 



HOCMTb "to wear" 

 CTpax "fear" 



TOriHTB "'to heat" 

 CpySMTb "to cut down 

 HOpM-HTb "to feed" 

 flOdaBMTb "to add" 

 rpacflHTb "to draw 

 lines" 



fl Homy (th Hociifflb ...) 

 CTpafflHHM "frightful' 



OTonjieHwe 



cpygjieHHUH 



HopMJieHMe 



flOfiaBJieHHHH 



"heating" 

 "cut down" 

 "nursing" 

 "added" 



fl rpacfiJiK ( TH rpa(JiMfflb . . . ) 



VERBALS(Participles and Gerunds) 



The six grammatical categories called verbals have the following characteristics: 

 1) They are formed from verbs; 2) Once formed, they are either adverbs(gerunds) and 

 so have no further change of ending, or else they are adjectives with appropriate adjective 

 endings; and 3) They may be followed, as are verbs, by dependent ac'Jectives and nouns. 

 The names of these verbals are: 



Participles(Verbal Adjectives) - 4 in number 



1) Present Active Participle 



2) Present Passive Participle 



3) Past Active Participle 



4) Past Passive Participle 



- the "now doing (something)" form 



- the "now being done" form 



- the "having done (something)" form 

 -the "having been done" form 



Gerunds(Verbal Adverbs) - 2 in number 



A) Present Gerund 



B) Past Gerund 



- the "doing"/"when doing"/"while doing" form 



- the "having done"/ "after having done" form 



