34 



Pa rticiples (continued) 



4) Past Passive Participles are the most frequently used of all the participial types. 

 The characteristic signal of the past passive participle is-HH- plus adjectival 

 endings; there is a small number of these participles which are characterized by 

 -Tr plus adjectival endings and these will be listed on a reference sheet(REFERENCE). 



Participles in -a-HH - are formed from infinitives in - a-Tb 



paspadOTaHHHM "worked out" pa3pa60Ta-TB "to work out" 



OnMCaHHHM "described" Onuca-Tb "described" 



Participles in - eHHUM Z- eHHuM are formed usually from infinitives in -nTb . A special 

 reference sheet will list such participles formed from other infinitive types. 



MSyqeHHUM "learned" MSyWHTb "to learn" 



yCTaHOBJieHHUK "established" yCTaHOBMTb "to establish" 



In the short adjectival forms, which are frequently used, only onejL appears, e.g. 



/ masc . neut . fern. pl_. \ 



lonHcaHHUM onHcaHHoe onHcaHHafl onHcaHHue / 



etc. 



onMcaH onHcaHO onucaHa onHcaHU 

 An example of usage: 



Ha pwcyHKB 4 H3o6pa«eHa BaKyyM-cymnjibHaH ycTaHOBKa . . . 



"In figure 4 a vacuum-drying installation is pictured..." 

 H306pa}KeHHHM "pictured" * HSOdpaSMTb "to picture" 



HsofipameH " 



NOTE: The characteristic mark of the past passive participle is -hk- plus 

 adjectival endings. 



Gerunds(Verbal Adverbs ) 



A Present Gerunds have as a characteristic signal a final 38^ or a final -fl. As adverbs, 

 the gerunds are unchanging in form. Some examples are: 



HCHB-H "living, while living qhh 5KMB-yT 



flepjK-a "holding, while holding" OHH flepH-aT 



rOBOp-H "speaking, while speaking" qhh rOBOp-HT 



3Ha-fi "knowing, while knowing" qhh 3Ha-iOT 



npH^-a "hiding, while hiding" OHM npnq-yT 



BHMfl-fi "having departed" Qhh BHMfl-yT 



SaHHMa-H-Cb "studying" OHM 3aHMMa-K)T-Cfl 



The 3rd. pi. forms of the present tense are given above, since they are a helpful 

 guide in the formation of present gerunds. An example of usage is: 



MarHMTHyH) nJienny MGJKHO MHOrOKpaTHO "it is possible to use a magnetic tape 



MCnOJIbSOBaTb, CTMpaa 3apaHee many times, erasing (/ by erasing ) the 



SanMCaHHHe SByKlU previously recorded sounds." 



NOTE: The characteristic mark of the present gerund is ~&/z^ plus or minus 

 the reflexive ending -Cb. 



