81 



4 CMCTE!vy\TI4KA HACEHOMliX 



B HacTOHiiiee BpewiH onHcaHO okojio 750 thchu bmaob HaceKOMHX. 

 B fleKCTBMTeJiLHOCTH me MX ywcjio, uoBvijiviMOuy , snamziTeJibHO 6ojibme. Kjiacc 

 HacenoMux fleJiMTcn na flBa noflHJiacca: hhsuimx - fieCHpuJiHX HacenoMHX (Apterygota), 



H BUCUIHX - HpHJiaTHX HaCeHOMHX (Pterygota) . IlepBHS nOflHJiaCC oSieflUHfleT 4 

 OTpHfla: deCCHHKOBHX, HOTOXBOCTHUX, BMJIOXBOCTHHX M meTWHOXBOCTHHX. BTOpOH 

 nOflHJiaCC fleJIWTCfl Ha jibs, OTfleJia: ApeBHeHpUJlHX (Palaeopteraj.BKJIKmaiOmMX 2 

 OTpfl^ia - nOfl'eHKH W CTpeKOSH, M HOBOKpHJIHX(Neoptera). IloCJieflHMe paSfleJlHIOTCfl 



Ha 3 noflOTflejia: Poiyneoptera, Hyfla BxoflflT TapanaHu, fiorowojiu, TepuiMTH, npflMO- 



KpHJIHe, naJIOUHMHOBUe, BeCHHHHM, 3m6mM H yXOBepTKM; Paraneoptera,BHJIK)yaK)mHe 



OTpflflH nojiywecTKOKpHJiHX, paBHOKpHjiHx xoSoTHHX, ceHoeja,OB, nyxoeflOB, smefi, 



TpHnCOB, H Oligoneoptera, Ky^a BXOflflT ffiyKM , BMCJIOHpHJIKM , BepdJIKflKH, CeT- 



tiaTOHpHJiHe, CKopnHOHHMDiu, flByKpHjiHG, 6jioxH, nepenoH^aTOHpHJiHe , pytieSHMKH 

 H qemyeKpHJiue. 



( BojiBmafl CoBeTCHafl bHUjHHJioneflHH , t. 29, cTp. 191) 



5 yjjOEHHE EJ],MHMI]H MSMEPEHMfl 



PaswepH aTOMOB m wojieKyji oueHL wanu, bo mhoto pas weHbuie OHpy)Ka- 



lOmHX HaC npeflMSTOB. %OdH WSMepHTb 3TH tiaCTHUH, HeoSxOflHMO BHfipaTb nofl- 



xoflflmwe eflWHMKH wsMepeHWH. 



Onpeflejiflfl pasMepn Bemew, mu nojibsyeMcn b HCHTeScHOw npaHTHne 

 weTpaMH H caHTHMeTpaMM. CaMHe MajienbKMe npeflweTu, HOTopHe mh eme bhahm 

 masoM, yflofinee wsMepflTb MMJiJiMMeTpawiH. MHJijiMMeTp - 3to flecHTan aojih 

 caHTMMeTpa. 



EflHHimeM, yflofiHOH rjih HSMepeHHH yacTvmeH, bhahmhx b MHKpocKOn, 



HBJlfleTCH MMKpOH. OflMH MMKpOH B THCflUy pa3 MGHbUie MHJlJlMMeTpa. 

 1 MHHPOH = = MHJlJlMMeTpa 



1000 



JIjir MSMepeHMH «e aTOMOB h MOJieKyji npMMeHfleTCH eflKHWua, KOTopan eme b THCHuy 

 pas MeHbme MHKpona. Ee HasHsaioT mmjijihmhhpohom. 



1 MHJIJIMMHKpOH = . a/ka MMKpOHa = -z — nnn 0(1(1 '^'^■'I''IMMeTpa 



^acTO TaH)Ke nojibsyioTCH eflMHwuieM, eme b flecHTb pas MeHbmeH; ona 

 HasHBaeTCH anrcTpeM. 



1 anrcTpew = — i— MWJiJiMMHKpoHa 

 10 



HeBOopyHceHHHM masoM mo)kho BHflBTb npeflweTH pasMepoM flo HecKOJibKMX 

 flecHTHx flOJieii MHJiJiMMeTpa, to ecTb flO HecHOJibKHX coTen mhkpohob. IlpH noMoniH 

 xopomero wMnpocHona momho pasrjiHfleTb npe^MeTu, wMeiomMe pasMepH ro oflHoro 

 MHKpoHa. HeflasHO wsofipeTenHHe sjieKTpoHHHe MMnpocKOnu nosBOJiaioT OTOflBHHyTb 



rpaHHIiy HBBWflMMOrO flO HeCKOJIbKHX MMJIJIHMMHpOHOB. MeHbfflHX yaCTMI( MU yBHfleTb 



noHa He mowbm h cy^HM 06 hx pasMepax TOJibKO no KOCseHHHM npHSHanaM (naK 

 MOWHO HSMepHTb BejiHUMHy yacTMLi;, He bhah hx, bh ysnaeTe jiajiee b 3toh khmhckb). 



A Tenepb, Budpas eflHHHUH HSMepeHHH ajih aTowoB h MOJieKyji, nosHaHO- 



MHMCH C yCTpOMCTBOM 3THX HeBMflMMHX yaCTHqeK. 



(A. M. KHTawropoflCKWH, CTpoeHHe BemeCTBa h ere aneprHfl , 

 CTp. 7-8) 



