6 



an entirely treeless one, with an undulating, 

 but generally uniform level surface, an occasion- 

 al ridge, a lake, a river, cutting deep through 

 the unshaded land, and bounded on the north- 

 west by high lands as I have outlined on the 

 map. H^re, men need never hope to gather 

 wealth of agriculture in all its branches without 

 the help of trees. I think there exists nowhere 

 in the world an example of universal fannimj 

 reliability unattenaed by trees. I see no great 

 futuie for Manitoba and our Northwest unless 

 extensive systematic forestry precedes. The 

 sooner our Government realizes this the better. 

 All methods of farming, railway and water 

 communication, minerals, natural grazing, or 

 any other form of good things will never "make" 

 a country without trees. We are not theorisinf,' 

 in this. A peopled agricultural country is an 

 impossibility without trees. 



In our treeless region, therefore, experience 

 has made us acquainted with a variety of wants 

 that can be subserved by trees, and science 

 points to more. Together then they make up a 

 bill that may be thus summarised : 



1. Roadside shade. 



2. Shelter for dwellings. 



3. Shelter ror cultivated farm crops. 



4. Shelter for open natural grazings. 



5. Shelter for enclosed grazings. 



6. Head water conservation. 



7. Wind breaks. 



8. Climatic amelioration. 



Either of these would of course serve more 

 purposes than that implied by its name, but a 

 full illustration of the system requires a form 

 for each. 



Now this map professes to show all these : 

 from the single shade tree up to the great 

 climatic plantation, the area or district embraced 

 and the size of each of the classes would be sub- 

 ject to requirements, from one acre to as much 

 as 1,000 acres each ; the system or principle is 

 not affected by size, but, position and form, 

 or outline, are prime factors. 



Size would be regulated by the particular 

 physical features of the district and the object 

 in view ; form by prevailing winds as well as 

 the particular object and partly by physical 

 features. 



In our prairie example on the map we have a 

 farm of 160 acres made up as follows ; 



Timber . . 30 acres 



Cultivated 125 " 



Orchard, garden, buildings,road8.. 5 *' 



Total 160 " 



The fields and roads lie northwest and south- 

 east, and therefore also northeast and southeast. 

 By preference the buildings are situated on the 

 southern angle of the farm at a junction of a 

 a concession and a side road. In 



the first place the roads are lined with shade 

 trees, which serve as shade to animals in some 

 of the fields as well. Then the dwelling house 

 and orchard while open to the southeast, south, 

 and southwest, are shaded by ornamental 

 standards and lined on the north and northwest 

 by trees. This tree line may be called the 2nd 

 sub-wind break of the farm. The bams with 

 two small fields or paddocks, are also open to 

 the south and piotected from" the colder winds 

 by a narrow belt of timber in positions similar 

 to the others. The six other fields are, in the 

 first instance, sheltered by a bioad belt all 

 around from the east, via north, to the west, 

 capable of breaking and mellowing the whole 

 ' farm for cropping. 15ut, for live stock, under 

 such circumstances, and with twenty acre fields 

 it is necessary to provide other shade and 

 shelter. This is best supplied by what I have 

 proved in actual practice both in Scotland and 

 Canada. I know of no better form and position 

 of a shade and shelter clump of t'-ees than 

 that illustrated in Fig. C, and the position of 

 which is also shown in our farm example. It 

 serves two fields, and from whatever direction 

 the wind comes, or the sunshines, the animals 

 can find a retreat in either field. You cannot 

 shoot a straight line across this clump and not 

 find a safe corner. 



Then, in the adaptation of one form of shelter 

 to four fields (Fig K) is neat and serviceable, 

 and when supplied with water in the centre is a 

 very valuable acquisition to ijastures. In the 

 case of extensive open grazings, the circular 

 belt (Fig. D) is also best for various reasons. It 

 resists and breaks wind storms better than 

 other outlines ; it is less liable to damage by 

 cattle or wind, is more compact and affords 

 more outside shelter. There should be two 

 passages not far apart and facing south as much 

 as possible ; one passage is not enough with a 

 large number of cattle going and coming, and 



