provision is necessary for a stack of hay in the 

 antra. 



These are 'what may be called the purely 

 agricultural divisions of arboriculture, and are 

 definite and practical enough, upon which little 

 difference of opinion is likely to arise. In what 

 remains of my subject there may be not only 

 difference of opinion in regard to details, but 

 considerable difficulty in satisfying that 

 anything more is needed than what has already 

 been sketched. It will be said : As each 

 farm has its proi)er amount of shade, shelter, 

 fuel i-upply, and even wood revenue otherwise, 

 what more does the country require '! 



I have not seen in any work on rural economy 

 that it is as much the duty of nations to 

 administer their arboriculture as their laws of 

 5 health. Tlien while everyone acknowledges 

 that without the proi)er measue of trees there 

 cannot exist the proper health, political economy, 

 science, agriculture and all society, is equally 

 interested in this question, and as I have al- 

 ready indicated its national aspect, it is onli' 

 necessary to point out how more than the 

 immediate farmer's work is required. 



Over a great plain, such as our prairie, where 

 storms rage unchecked, where rains come and 

 go irregularly and uneconomized in any form, 

 and where sunshine is unmellowed, it is neces- 

 sary to establish agents for the purpose of sub- 

 serving these and other climatic purposes. 

 Assuming that all the country were planted to 

 the extent already shown for immediate farm 

 use, there exists nothing in particular spots, — 

 no plantations exactly placed to conserve head 

 water streams, no great and small wind breaks, 

 and no great climatic plantations, — the agents 

 respectively. 



On the map these are shown in position, 

 proper outline and extent. Pusition is regulated 

 by elevation and neighborhood of other physical 

 conditions, sucli as water surface, and high 

 land ; outline is regulated by direction of pre- 

 vailing winds, conformation of surface, and 

 partly by public roads, while the extent is 

 directed by the indefinateiy known infiuence 

 that a certain body of trees poesesi T/gi clii'iate ; 

 climate being understood ut dit-ti'bution or 

 rainfall, evaporation, natural drainage, and tem- 

 perature. 



I am aware that we cannot reason on this 

 from any clear or precise experience, and are 

 driven to draw c(mclusions from actual facts, 

 and there seems to be no doubt that it requires 

 a certain massing and kinds of trees to ameliorate 

 climate, narrow strips and clumps being insuf- 

 ficient, or incapable of doing so. 



Head water plantations, as implied in the 

 name, must surround, or be in the immediate 

 neighborhood of, sourcts of streams, and have 

 an outline to nurse them, with area consistent 

 to the importance of the source. The circular 

 form is good and applicable to the two springs 

 at G., or it may Iw oval as illustrated at the 

 mouth of the valley, and would also take the 

 jmsition and area of that at the small lake. 



(ireat wind breaks being meant to fend the 

 smaller plantations as well as i)articular districts, 

 have to be carefully outlined, of very considerable 

 extent, and must command an exact position. 

 In the example of H. on the ridge, which is 

 designed to break the storms from the adjoining 

 ranch, several points are noticeable : The land 

 occupied by the plantation is within one block, 

 or range of roads, and therefore does not 

 encroach ; it occupies also part of a ridge that 

 generally is less valuable for agricultural 

 purposes, it is formed to cut or feather the 

 storms that prevail in the district— south west 

 by west— a point in forestry of very great 

 importance indeed ; it is massive or in sufficient 

 body to resist and break, and it is 30 situated 

 main force of the storms. It may be remarked 

 that it would be better to extend the plantation 

 eastward ujjon the ix)int of the ridge, this T 

 have avoided in order to make the example 

 more difficult. 



The other great wind break is of a different 

 form, while serving a similar purpose. It 

 parallels with the public roads, makes no awk- 

 wark corners for cultivation of adjoining land, 

 faces prevailing winds with the exception of 

 southeast end, and will protect a large area o( 

 country. 



Lesser wind breaks, as at J., are placed 

 where, either by the form of the country on the 

 prevailing wind lidi, or where a larger break is 

 dilfituU to ehtcbl.sh. The example on the east 

 of the ?c.rgj lake exhibits both. Position here 

 is very important t.nd it will be observed that 

 cutlinc ano ar"u aa arranged to receive th« 



