CHAPTER VIII 



A MAN- SYSTEMS INTEGRATION 



STUDY OF THE BEHAVIOR OF CREWS 



AND HABITABILITY IN SMALL SPACES 



Stanley Deutsch, Ph.D. 



Life Sciences Directorate 



National Aeronautics and Space Administration 



ABSTRACT 



The curiosity of men leads them to venture further and further 

 away from the benign environment found on the earth's surface. 

 TEKTITE II provided a unique opportunity to advance our scien- 

 tific knowledge of the behavior of men in small groups opera- 

 ting under conditions of stress and to improve the technology 

 for development of habitable areas for living and working 

 surrounded by a hostile environment. An extensive Man-Systems 

 Integration Program with emphasis on behavioral research and 

 habitability assessment was undertaken to provide meaningful 

 field study data for application to manned exploration under 

 the seas and in space. 



INTRODUCTION 



In a report on the Biomedical Foundations of Manned Space Flight, the 

 President's Science Advisory Committee stated:* 



"Major engineering decisions, controlling the character of 

 possible future space stations, logistic systems and other 

 manned spacecraft depend on evaluation of man's potential 

 for useful work in space. Given the present great expense 

 of transportation to and from space, should we expect high 

 level performance for ten days, thirty days or even ninety 

 days at a time? What is the optimum sleep, rest and work 

 schedule? What crew size is optimum?" 



We have only an imperfect understanding of the characteristics of man and 

 his performance, both as an individual and as a member of a small highly 

 skilled group, that permit him to function in a satisfactory manner under 

 the various stresses in alien surroundings „ 



Information on the functioning and interrelationships of small groups of 

 men performing useful work in space while living in confined areas under 

 stressful conditions in a relatively hazardous environment is needed by the 

 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Navy and other organiza- 

 tions. Data are required on the "in vivo" study of the behavior of small 



* The Biomedical Foundations of Manned Space Flight, A Report of the Space 

 Science and Technology Panel of the President's Science Advisory Committee, 

 Executive Office of the President, The White House, November 1969. 



VIII-1 



