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Figure A-15. Mean sea-level wet term, W„: August 39 



Figure A-16. Dry-term tropospheric scale height in km, Hi : August 40 



Figure A-17. Dry-term stratospheric scale height in km, H 2 : August 40 



Figure A-18. Wet-term scale height in km, H„: August 41 



Figure A-19. Mean density tropopause altitude in km, z t : August 41 



Figure A-20. Mean sea-level dry term, D„: November 42 



Figure A-21. Mean sea-level wet term, W Q : November 42 



Figure A-22. Dry-term tropospheric scale height in km, Hi : November 43 



Figure A-23. Dry-term stratospheric scale height in km, Hi : November 43 



Figure A-24. Wet-term scale height in km, H w : November 44 



Figure A-25. Mean density tropopause altitude in km, z t : November 44 



Figure A-26. Standard prediction error of the exponential fit to the mean 



wet-term profile: February 45 



Figure A-27. Standard prediction error of the exponential fit to the mean 



wet-term profile : May 45 



Figure A-28. Standard prediction error of the exponential fit to the mean 



wet-term profile : August 46 



Figure A-29. Standard prediction error of the exponential fit to the mean 



wet- term profile : November 46 



Figure A-30. Areas of doubtful applicability of three-part exponential model of N(z) 



for z < 6 km 47 



11. Appendix B. World Maps of AN 48 



Table B-l. Mean surface refractivity 49 



Figure B-l. Location of AJV data stations 52 



Figure B-2. Monthly mean AN: January 53 



Figure B-3. Monthly mean A N : February 53 



Figure B-4. Monthly mean AN: March 54 



Figure B-5. Monthly mean A N : April 54 



Figure B-6. Monthly mean AN: May 55 



Figure B-7. Monthly mean A N : June 55 



Figure B-8. Monthly mean AN: July 56 



Figure B-9. Monthly mean A N : August 56 



Figure B-10. Monthly mean AN: September 57 



Figure B-ll. Monthly mean AN: October 57 



Figure B-12. Monthly mean AN : November 58 



Figure B-13. Monthly mean AN: December ._. 58 



Figure B-14. Annual mean of sea-level refractivity, No 59 



Figure B-15. Annual mean of refractivity gradient between surface and 1 km, AN 59 



Figure B-16. Slope of regression line of AN versus N s , b 60 



Figure B-17. Correlation coefficient of AN versus N„ 60 



Figure B-18. Standard prediction error of the regression line of AN versus N, _;_;_ 61 



Figure B-19. Standard prediction error of the regression line of AJV versus N, as a percent of AN 61 



Figure B-20. Areas of doubtful applicability of using N s to predict AN 62 



12. Appendix C. World Maps and Cumulative Distribution Charts of Gradients of 



Ground-Based Atmospheric Layers 63 



Figure C-l. Percent of time gradient ^ (N/km) : February 64 



Figure C-2. Percent of time gradient ^ (JV/km) : May 64 



Figure C-3. Percent of time gradient ^ (N/km) : August 65 



Figure C-4. Percent of time gradient ^ (N/km) : November 65 



Figure C-5. Gradient (N/km) exceeded 10 percent of the time for 100-m layer: February 66 



Figure C-6. Gradient (N/km) exceeded 2 percent of the time for 100-m layer: February 66 



Figure C-7. Gradient (N/km) exceeded 10 percent of the time for 100-m layer: May 67 



Figure C-8. Gradient (N/km) exceeded 2 percent of the time for 100-m layer: May 67 



Figure C-9. Gradient (N/km) exceeded 10 percent of the time for 100-m layer: August 68 



Figure C-10. Gradient (N/km) exceeded 2 percent of the time for 100-m layer: August 68 



Figure C-ll. Gradient (N/km) exceeded 10 percent of the time for 100-m layer: November. ... 69 



Figure C-12. Gradient (N/km) exceeded 2 percent of the time for 100-m layer: November 69 



Figure C-13. Percent of time gradient ^ -100 (N/km) : February 70 



Figure C-14. Percent of superrefractive layers thicker than 100 m: February 70 



Figure C-15. Percent of time gradient ^ -100 (N/km) : May 71 



Figure C-16. Percent of superrefractive layers thicker than 100 m: May 71 



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