BITUMEN-BEARING ROCKS 



103 



thus far the operation has had marginal economic 

 success. 



Most in situ recovery experimentation has not 

 been encouraging. Variations in bitumen content, 

 physical properties, and water saturation of the 

 rocks cause problems in establishing and maintain- 

 ing proper underground communication and flow 

 rate. 



Additional research is needed for improving in 

 situ recovery methods and for determining those 

 measures required to protect the environment dur- 

 ing tar-sand development. Special attention should 

 be given to deposits in arid climates inasmuch as 

 a limited water supply could afTect all phases of the 

 development. 



SELECTED REFERENCES 



Abraham, Herbert, 1960, Asphalts and allied substances — 

 their occurrence, modes of production, uses in the arts, 

 and methods of testing, v. 1, Historical review and 

 natural raw materials [6th ed.] : Princeton, N. J., D. 

 Van Nostrand Co., 370 p. 



Ball Associates, Ltd., 1965, Surface and shallow oil-impreg- 

 nated rocks and shallow oil fields in the United States: 

 U.S. Bur. Mines Mon. 12, 375 p. 



Burk, R. O., chm., 1971, Tar Sands Task Group report. Chap. 

 12, in McLean, J. G., chm., U.S. energy outlook — an ini- 

 tial appraisal 1971-1985: Natl. Petroleum Council's 

 Comm. on U.S. Energy Outlook, Summ. Task Group 

 Repts., V. 2, p. 171-182. 



Eldridge, G. H., 1901, The asphalt and bituminous rock de- 

 posits of the United States: U.S. Geol. Survey 22d Ann. 

 Rept., pt. 1, p. 209-452. 



Kirby, J. G., and Moore, B. M., 1969, Crude petroleum and 

 petroleum products, in U.S. Bur. Mines Minerals Year- 

 book 1968, V. 1-2, p. 809-825. 



Mullens, M. C, and Roberts, A. E., 1972, Selected annotated 

 bibliography on asphalt-bearing rocks of the United 

 States and Canada, to 1970: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 

 1352, 218 p. 



Phizackerley, P. H., and Scott, L. O., 1967, Major tar sand 

 deposits of the world, in Drilling and production: World 

 Petroleum Cong., 7th, Mexico 1967, Proc, v. 3, p. 551- 

 571. 



Redfield, A. H., and Spencer, S. J., 1950, Asphalt and re- 

 lated bitumens, in U.S. Bur. Mines Minerals Yearbook 

 1948, p. 156-163. 



