398 



UNITED STATES MINERAL RESOURCES 



The general principles are to a large extent known ; 

 the reasons why deposits are where they are have 

 not yet been pinpointed and need much closer study 

 and research. 



TECHNOLOGICAL PROBLEMS 



Manganese carbonate when intimately intermixed 

 with calcite or dolomite or other similar contami- 

 nants is difficult to concentrate; similarly, much 

 manganese oxide ore is so intimately mixed with 

 iron minerals or calcite that the constituents can- 

 not be economically separated by known means. 

 Manganese minerals such as cryptomelane, kutna- 

 horite, and braunite inherently contain other ele- 

 ments that cannot be mechanically separated. How- 

 ever, by calcining to drive off carbon dioxide, ores 

 containing much carbonate may be radically up- 

 graded, and ores containing potassium, aluminum, 

 or iron in deleterious amounts can be made usable 

 by mixing with other ores containing less of these 

 elements. Certain elements, such as phosphorus, 

 arsenic, and potassium, are highly deleterious when 

 they occur in amounts above defined limits. 



The manganese nodules on the ocean floor con- 

 tain important quantities of copper, cobalt, and 

 nickel, which must be recovered to make nodule 

 mining economic. Several hydrometallurgical proc- 

 esses have been tried, and one company claims to 

 have solved the problem on an economic basis in 

 pilot-plant studies. Should this be correct, the tech- 

 niques might be adaptable to recovery of manganese 

 from some of the low-grade resources on land. 



SELECTED REFERENCES 



Alexandrov, E. A., 1965, Problems of genesis of sedimentary 

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Borchert, H., 1970, On the ore-deposition and geochemistry 

 of manganese: Mineralium Deposita, v. 5, no. 3, p. 300- 

 317. 



Brooks, D. B., 1966, Low-grade and nonconventional sources 

 of manganese: Washington, Resources for the Future, 

 Inc., 123 p. 



Cannon, H. L., 1971, The use of plant indicators in ground 

 water surveys, geological mapping, and mineral pros- 

 pecting: Taxon, v. 20, no. 2/3, p. 227-256. 



Crittenden, M. D., and Pavlides, Louis, 1962, Manganese in 

 the United States: U.S. Geol. Survey Min. Inv. Re- 

 source Map MR-23. 



De la Hunty, L. E., 1963, The geology of the manganese de- 

 posits of Western Australia: Western Australia Geol. 

 Survey Bull. 116, 123 p. 



De Villiers, P. R., 1970, The geology and mineralogy of the 

 Kalahari manganese-field north of Sishen, Cape Prov- 

 ince: South Africa Geol. Survey, Dept. Mines, Pretoria, 

 Mem. 59, 84 p. 



Dorr, J. V. N., II, 1968, Primary manganese ores: Soc. 

 Brasileira Geol. XXII Congress©, Belo Horizonte, v. 22, 

 12 p. 



Dorr, J. V. N., II, Coelho, I. S., and Horen, Arthur, 1956, 

 The manganese deposits of Minas Gerais, Brazil: In- 

 ternat. Greol. Cong., 20th, Mexico, Symposium del man- 

 ganeso, v. 3, p. 279-346. 



Gomes Juarez, D., 1961, Estudio geologico de la Mina de San 

 Francisco localizada en Autlan, Eso. de Jalisco: Unpub. 

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Hewett, D. F., 1966, Stratified deposits of the oxides and 

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Hewett, D. F., Crittenden, M. D., Pavlides, Louis, and de 

 Huff, G. L., 1956, Manganese deposits of the United 

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Krauskopf, K. B., 1967, Introduction to geochemistry: New 

 York. McGraw-Hill Book Co., 721 p. 



1972, Geochemistry of micronutrients, in Micronu- 



trients in agriculture: Soil Science Soc. America, Madi- 

 son Wise, p. 7-40. 



McKelvey, V. E., and Wang, F. F. H., 1969, World subsea 

 mineral resources: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. 

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Mero, J. L., 1965, The mineral resources of the sea: New 

 York, Elsevier, 312 p. 



Park, C. F., 1946, Spilite and manganese problems of the 

 Olympic Peninsula, Washington: Am. Jour. Sci. v. 244, 

 p. 305-323. 



Perfilev, B. V., Gabe, D. R., Galperina, A. M., Rabinovitch, 

 V. A. Sapotnitskii, A. A., Sherman, E. E., and Tro- 

 shanov, E. P., 1965, Applied capillary microscopy — The 

 role of microorganisms in the formation of iron-man- 

 ganese deposits: New York, Consultants Bureau, 120 p. 

 [Translated from Russian) 



Pinto, M. da Silva, 1961, Minerio de Manganes no Brazil — 

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 urgia, Centro Moraes Rego., Sao Paulo, bol. 23, p. 62- 

 179. 



Rowston, D. L., 1965, Gravity survey of manganese deposits 

 in the Mt. Sidney-Woodie-Woodie area, Pilbara gold 

 field : Geol. Survey Western Australia Ann. Rept. for 

 1964, p. 49-51. 



Sapozhnikov, D. G., ed., 1970, Manganese deposits of the 

 Soviet Union, in Proceedings of the conference on prin- 

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 deposits in the U.S.S.R. : Israel Program for Scientific 

 Translations, Jerusalem 522 p. 



Scarpelli, Wilson, 1966, Aspectos geneticos e metamorficos 

 das rochas do Distrito de Serra do Navio, Territorio 

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 p. 37-57. 



Sheridan, E. T., 1970, Manganese, in Mineral facts and prob- 

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Simons, F. S., and Straczek, J. A., 1958, Geology of the 

 manganese deposits of Cuba: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 

 1057, 289 p. 



Smith, W. C, and Gebert, H. W., 1970, Manganese at Groote 

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 1969, London, v. 2, p. 585-604. 



