SAND AND GRAVEL 



565 



hot weather causing rapid setting of cement, thus 

 requiring a short haul limitation for mixed cement 

 (Williams, 1967). 



Many of the major problems associated with the 

 industry could be eliminated if a cheap means of 

 transporting sand and gravel were available. Trans- 

 portation costs of this large-volume, low-unit-value 

 commodity limit the distance the deposit can be 

 from the market and still be economical. In Cali- 

 fornia, this distance is roughly 40 to 50 miles (Gold- 

 man, 1968), and in Oregon, less than 20 miles 

 (Schlicker, 1969). In some areas where the "back 

 haul" can be utilized for some other commodity, 

 the distance increases, as in the Denver area, where 

 sand and gravel are back-hauled as much as 160 

 miles east of the city by Kansas grain trucks (Sheri- 

 dan, 1967). 



Perhaps the key to the future of the industry is 

 to develop a cheap form of transportation to and 

 from the metropolitan centers. What do the people 

 in the metropolitan areas have in excess that they 

 would like to get rid of in exchange for sand and 

 gravel ? Garbage ! Perhaps unit trains could be used 

 to exchange garbage for sand and gravel in sparsely 

 populated areas. The garbage could be used as back- 

 fill, thus producing little noticeable change on the 

 shape of the landscape. 



REFERENCES 



Ahearn, V. P., Jr., 1964, Land use planning and the sand 

 and gravel produced: Silver Spring, Md., Natl. Sand 

 and Gravel Assoc. 



Bauer, A. M., 1965, Simultaneous excavation and rehabilita- 

 tion of sand and gravel sites: Silver Spring, Md., Natl. 

 Sand and Gravel Assoc. 



Bruce, R. L., and Lundberg, B. E., 1964, Evaluation of ex- 

 ploration methods for coarse aggregate in eastern South 

 Dakota: South Dakota Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. 95, 84 p. 



Cooper, J. P., 1970, Sand and gravel, in Mineral facts and 

 problems: U.S. Bur. Mines Bull. 650, p. 1185-1199. 



Criner, J. H., 1966, Seismic surveying with firecrackers — A 

 modification of the sledgehammer method, in Geological 



Survey research 1966: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

 550-B, p. B104-B107. 



Emery, K. 0., 1966, Geological methods for locating mineral 

 deposits on the ocean floor, in Exploiting the oceans: 

 Marine Technology Soc. Conf. Exhibit, 2d Ann., Trans., 

 p. 24-43. 



Goldman, H. B., 1956, Sand and gravel for concrete aggre- 

 gate: California Jour. Mines and Geology, v. 52, no. 1, 

 p. 79-104. 



1961, Sand and gravel in California — Part A, North- 

 em California: California Div. Mines and Geology Bull. 

 180-A, 38 p. 



1966, Sand and gravel, in Mineral and water resources 



of California: California Div. Mines and Geology Bull. 

 191, p. 361-369. 



1968, Sand and gravel in California — Part B, Cen- 



tral California: California Div. Mines and Geology Bull. 

 180-B, 58 p. 



Goldman, H. B., and Klein, I. E., 1961, Sand and gravel re- 

 sources of the Kern River near Bakersfield, California: 

 California Div. Mines and Geology Spec. Rept. 70, 33 p. 



Johnson, Craig, 1966, Practical operating procedures for 

 progressive rehabilitation of sand and gravel sites: 

 Silver Spring, Md., Natl. Sand and Gravel Assoc. 



Peterson, D. W., Yeejid, W. E., Oliver, H. W., Mattick, R. 

 E., 1968, Tertiary gold-bearing channel gravel in north- 

 em Nevada County, California: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 

 566, 22 p. 



Schellie, K. L., and Rogier, D. A., 1963, Site utilization and 

 rehabilitation practices for sand and gravel operations: 

 Silver Spring, Md., Natl. Sand and Gravel Assoc., 80 p. 



Schlee, John, 1968, Sand and gravel on the continental shelf 

 oif the Northeastem United States: U.S. Geol. Survey 

 Circ. 602, 9 p. 



Schlicker, H. G., 1969, Sand and gravel, in Mineral and 

 water resources of Oregon: U.S. 91st Cong., 1st sess., 

 Comm. Interior and Insular Affairs, Comm. Print., p. 

 233-237. 



Sheridan, M. J., 1967, Urbanization and its impact on the 

 mineral aggregate industry in the Denver, Colorado, 

 area: U.S. Bur. Mines Inf. Circ. 8320, 58 p. 



Williams, F. E., 1967, Urbanization and the mineral aggre- 

 gate industry, Tucson, Arizona, area: U.S. Bur. Mines 

 Inf. Circ. 8318, 23 p. 



Woodrow, D. L., Lewis, T. L., and Sutton, R. G., 1971, 

 Lake Ontario as a source of sand: Rock Products, v. 

 74, no. 4, p. 72-73. 



