INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP 

 ON LOW-FREQUENCY PROPAGATION AND NOISE 



VOLUME I 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 



Page 

 I. ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENTS (J. B. Hersey , Session Chairman) 



INTRODUCTION, Dr. J. B. Hersey 1 



TIME VARIATIONS OF SOUND SPEED OVER LONG PATHS IN THE 



OCEAN, G. R. Hamilton 7 



THE ACOUSTIC OUTPUT OF EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, 



Ermine A. Christian 31 



EXPLOSIVE SOUND-SOURCE STANDARDS, M. S. Neinstein 61 



APPLICATION OF RAY THEORY TO LOW-FREQUENCY PROPAGATION, 



Henry Weinberg 93 



II. PROPAGATION THEORY (R. R. Goodman, Session Chairman) 



NORMAL MODES IN OCEAN ACOUSTICS, D. C. Stickler 125 



SELECTED APPLICATIONS OF THE PARABOLIC-EQUATION METHOD 



IN UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS, Frederick Tappert 155 



CALCULATION OF THE EFFECT OF INTERNAL WAVES ON OCEANIC 

 SOUND TRANSMISSION, Stanley M. Flatte and 

 Frederick D. Tappert 201 



SOUND PROPAGATION THROUGH A FLUCTUATING STRATIFIED OCEAN: 



THEORY AND OBSERVATION, W. H. Munk and F. Zachariasen. . 211 



INTERPRETATION OF MULTIPATH SCINTILLATIONS ELEUTHERA TO 

 BERMUDA IN TERMS OF INTERNAL WAVES AND TIDES, 

 Freeman Dyson, W. H. Munk and B. Zetler 233 



