316 



INDEX 



Radar siting 



permanent echoes; see Permanent 



echoes in radar siting 

 technical aspects, 114-115 

 topography, 115-120 

 Radar systems, tactical aspects, 



113-114 

 Radar vertical coverage calculations 

 see Vertical coverage calculations 

 for ground radars 

 Radio and radar transmission 



relationship, 63-65 

 Radio meteorology, 210-224 

 advective ducts, coastal conditions, 



213-214 

 ducts over open ocean, 214-215 

 dynamic effects, 216-218 

 fluctuations in signal strength with 



time, 219-222 

 fog, 216 

 nocturnal cooling, daily variations, 



215-216 

 physical causes of strafication, 



212-213 

 scattering and absorption by 



water drops, 222-224 

 Snell's law, 224-225 

 subsidence, 216-218 

 superrefraction, seasonal and global 



aspects, 218-219 

 temperature and moisture gradients, 



210-212 

 turbulence, 212-213 

 Radio scintillations, 219-220 

 Radio wave diffraction 



see Diffraction of radio waves 

 Radio wave propagation research 

 origin, 5-8 

 historical background, 5-6 

 pertinent aspects of modern warfare, 



5-6 

 plan of investigation, 5-6 

 purpose of Committee on 

 Propagation, 5 

 Radio wave refraction, 178-180 

 Rain and hail absorption of 



microwaves, 85-88 

 Ray tracing, 44-45 

 Rayleigh criterion for roughness of 



ground, 36-37 

 Rays in stratified atmosphere, 202-204 

 Reflected beam, magnitude of field 



intensity, 190-191 

 Reflected wave, divergence factor, 170 

 Reflection area, general formula, 



160-162 

 Reflection coefficients, 32-34, 167-169 

 Reflection from elevated layer, 208 

 Reflection from ground, 190-193 

 complex cases, 193 

 coverage diagrams, 190 



earth gain factor, 192-193 



magnitude of field intensity, 190-191 



simple cases, 191-193 

 Reflection from rough surfaces, 123-124 

 Reflection from tropospheric layers, 

 convergence effects, 258-259 

 Refraction, atmospheric 



see Atmospheric stratification and 

 refraction; Radar errors due to 

 atmospheric refraction 

 Refraction of radio waves, 178-180 

 Refraction over curved earth, 194-195 

 Refractive index 



fog effect, 77, 216 



in nonstandard propagation, 42-44 



M curves, 43 



Snell's law, 42-43 



temperature inversion, 43-44 



variations, 198-200 

 Refractive index measurements, 200 



airborne installations, 52 



captive balloons and kites, 52 



stationary installations on towers, 52 

 Remote shielding, 119-120 

 Research recommendations, 26-27 

 RPD (radar planning device), 137-138 



San Diego transmission experiments, 



68-71, 208 

 Scattering and absorption of 

 microwaves, 82-90 



absorption by atmospheric gases, 

 89-90 



aircraft targets, 83-84 



by water drops, 222-224 



clouds, fog, rain, hail, snow, 85-90 



radar cross section, 82-83 



rain and hail absorption, 85-88 



scattering echo, 88-89 



ship targets, 84-85 

 Scattering radar cross section, 82-83 

 Scintillations, radio, 219-220 

 Shielding as fixed echo control, 137 

 Ship radar cross section, 84-85 



aircraft carrier, 85 



battleship, 84 



cruiser, 84 



submarine, 85 

 Shoreline diffraction, 158, 162 

 Signal measurements for ground radars, 



175-176 

 Signal strength fluctuations, 219-222 



blackout, 220 



circuit reliability, 222 



duct fades, 220 



effect of waves on sea, 219 



fading on different wavelengths, 

 221-222 



fog, 221 



fronts and thunderstorms, 220-221 



nonoptical path, 221-222 



optical path, 221-222 



scintillations, 219-220 



target modulation, 219 



tidal effects, 219 

 Siting and coverage of ground radar 



see Ground radar, siting and coverage 

 Snell's law of refraction 



for curved earth, 42-43, 194-195, 

 224-225 



general statement, 194, 224 



rays in stratified atmosphere, 

 202-204 

 Standard coverage charts, graphical 



method of determination, 93-94 

 Standard propagation, 31-41, 179-180, 

 185 



atmospheric effects, 180 



coverage diagrams, 179-180 



deviations, 179-180 



electromagnetic field, 38-41 



height factor, 180 



optical properties of earth's surface 

 and atmosphere, 32-38 



power transmission, 31-32 



refraction, 179 



summary, 185 

 Standard refraction, 34-36, 189-190, 217 



see also Standard propagation 

 Straight edge diffraction, 128-129 

 Stratification, atmospheric 



see Atmospheric stratification and 

 refraction 

 Stratification causes, 212-213 



advection, 212 



convection, 212 



frictional turbulence, 212-213 



nocturnal cooling, 212 



subsidence, 212 



temperature inversions, 213 

 Stratified atmosphere, rays in, 202-204 

 Subsidence 



definition, 76, 183-184, 212 



duct formation, 216-217 



fronts, 217-218 



high pressure areas, 79 



standard propagation, 217 

 Superrefraction 



see also Guided propagation 



causes, 185 



definition, 190 



duct, 204-207 



operational applications, 208-210 

 Superrefraction, world survey 



Arabian Sea, 79-80, 218 



Atlantic Coast of United States, 

 79, 218 



Bay of Bengal, 80, 219 



Mediterranean region, 79-80, 218 



Pacific Ocean, 80, 219 



Western Europe, 79-80, 218 



